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These permit the user to unload a database or parts of a database and reload the data on the similar machine, or on another machine in a dissimilar location. This can be useful in many situations, such as for creating backup copies of a database at a definite point in time, or for loading data into a latest version of the database or into an entirely dissimilar database. These load/unload utilities may also be used for reorganizing the data in the database to improve performance, such as clustering data together in a exacting way or reclaiming space occupied by data that has become obsolete.
Reporting/Analysis Utilities:
These are used to report and analyse on the data contained in the database. This may have computing values from data, analysing trends in data or displaying data that meets some particular criteria, and then printing or displaying a report having this information.
Q.1 Briefly discuss the different layers of ANSI SPARC architecture. Ans: The three layers of ANSI SPARC architecture are like this: 1. Internal view is at the lowest leve
What are the General Transformation Rules for Relational operations? Ans: The transformation rules transform one relational algebra expression to AN EQUIVALENT ONE 1. E
Hardware failure : Hardware failures are the failures when some disk or hardware chip fails. This may result in loss of data. One such trouble can be that a disk gets damaged and
CREATE TABLE prodtrans ( pno number (4) ptype char (1) CHECK (ptype in ('I','R','S')), qty number (5) FOREIGN KEY pno REFERENCES product (pno) ON DELETE CASCADE);
Explain what is DDL? DDL - Data Definition Language: statements used to define the database structure or schema. Some examples: CREATE - to create objects in the database ALT
What is object identity? An object retains its identity even if some or all the values of variables or explanations of methods change overtime.
Use of partial data by applications : In common, applications work with views rather than whole relations. Thus, it may be more appropriate to work with subsets of relations rather
a need some real life examples of database management systems three level of ANSI SPARC architecture life teacher and student ,company and employee or for NGO etc.
What is a SELECT operation? The select operation selects tuples that please a given predicate. We use the lowercase letter σ to denote selection.
write-set(T): Each data items that are written by a transaction T
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