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LEVEL
You use the LEVEL with the SELECT CONNECT BY statement to categorize rows from a database table into a tree structure. The LEVEL returns the level number of a node in a tree structure. The root is at level 1, children of the root are at level 2, and grandchildren are at level 3, and so on.
You specify the direction in which the query walks the tree with the PRIOR operator. In the START WITH phrase, you specify a condition which identifies the root of the tree.
Type versus Representation Confusion in SQL This describes how a value might have two or more distinct representations. For example, user-defined type POINT might have a decla
a. Create a table odetails_new. It has all the attributes of odetails and an additional column called cost, whose values are the product of the quantity and price of the part bein
Grouping and Ungrouping in SQL Example specifying EXAM_MARK in place of COURSE in the main FROM clause. Example: Obtaining C_ER2 from EXAM_MARK SELECT CourseId, CAST
Use of Table Comparisons - SQL Table comparisons where it is noted that although table expressions cannot be compared, we have TABLE (t) to convert a table expression t into
Manipulating Individual Elements Faraway you have manipulated an entire collection. Within the SQL, to manipulate the individual elements of the collection, and then use the ope
MERGE and TRUNCATE in SQL SQL has two more table update operators, MERGE and TRUNCATE. MERGE, like INSERT, takes a source table s and uses it to update a target table t. Brief
Consider the schema for FreeChecking Bank, that we designed given below. Translate the given ER schema into SQL CREATE TABLE statements (indicating primary key, unique and foreign
Dynamic Ranges The PL/SQL lets you determine the loop range dynamically at run time, as the example below shows: SELECT COUNT(empno) INTO emp_count FROM emp; FOR i IN 1..emp_cou
Explicit Cursor Attributes The cursor variable or each cursor has four attributes: %FOUND, %ISOPEN, %ROWCOUNT, and %NOTFOUND. When appended to the cursor or cursor variable, th
Using Pragma RESTRICT_REFERENCES: The function called from the SQL statements should obey certain rules meant to control the side effects. To check for violation of the rules,
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