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LEVEL
You use the LEVEL with the SELECT CONNECT BY statement to categorize rows from a database table into a tree structure. The LEVEL returns the level number of a node in a tree structure. The root is at level 1, children of the root are at level 2, and grandchildren are at level 3, and so on.
You specify the direction in which the query walks the tree with the PRIOR operator. In the START WITH phrase, you specify a condition which identifies the root of the tree.
Role of Abstraction in pl/sql: The abstraction is a high-level description or model of a real-world entity. The Abstractions keep our daily lives convenient. They help us ca
Example of Shorthand for a row constraint Example: Shorthand for a row constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Mark_in_range CHECK (Mark BETWEEN 0 AND 100);
Manipulating Collections Within PL/SQL, the collections add procedural power and flexibility. The biggest benefit is that your program can compute subscripts to process the spec
Using raise_application_error The Package DBMS_STANDARD that is supplied with Oracle gives language facilities that help your application to interact with Oracle. For illustra
Built-In Functions The PL/SQL provides a lot of powerful functions to help you to manipulate the data. These built-in functions fall into the categories as shown below: error r
Parameter & Keyword Description: function_name: The user-defined function is identifying by that keyword. parameter_name: This identifies the formal parameter that
Use Bulk Binds If SQL statements execute inside a loop using the collection elements as bind variables, context switching between the PL/SQL & SQL engines can slow down the ex
Boolean Values Only the values TRUE, FALSE, & NULL can be assigned to a Boolean variable. For illustration, given the declaration DECLARE done BOOLEAN; the following statements
Effects of NULL in Aggregate Operator - SQL Let aggop(x) be an invocation of some aggregate operator aggop in SQL, where x is an expression (usually an open expression) to be
Creating a Table Syantax: CREATE TABLE ENROLMENT (StudentId SID, Name VARCHAR (30) NOT NULL, CourseId CID, PRIMARY KEY (StudentId, CourseId)) ; Explan
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