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LEVEL
You use the LEVEL with the SELECT CONNECT BY statement to categorize rows from a database table into a tree structure. The LEVEL returns the level number of a node in a tree structure. The root is at level 1, children of the root are at level 2, and grandchildren are at level 3, and so on.
You specify the direction in which the query walks the tree with the PRIOR operator. In the START WITH phrase, you specify a condition which identifies the root of the tree.
Mutual Recursion The Subprograms are mutually recursive if they directly or indirectly call each other. In the illustration below, the Boolean functions odd & even, that dete
Effect of Anonymous Columns Now, recall that a VALUES expression denotes a table with undefined column names. If an initial value is to be specified when a base table is creat
Wrapping and unwrapping in SQL Operators WRAP and UNWRAP in connection with attributes whose declared types are tuple types. Example shows how extension and projection can be
Package STANDARD package named STANDARD defines the PL/SQL atmosphere. The package specification globally declares the exceptions, types, and subprograms that are available a
Using Subqueries A subquery is a query (typically enclosed by parentheses) that appears within another SQL data manipulation statement. If evaluated, the subquery gives a va
If two relations R and S are joined, then the non matching tuples of both R and S are ignored in __________________.
Fetching with a Cursor The FETCH statements retrieve the rows in the result set one at a time. After each and every fetch, the cursor advance to the next row in the result set
Updating Variables For assignment, SQL uses the key word SET, as in SET X = X + 1 (read as "set X equal to X+1") rather than X: = X + 1 as found in many computer languages.
UNION without CORRESPONDING - SQL The use of UNION without CORRESPONDING. Example is merely by omitting CORRESPONDING, but only because the operands have identical SELECT clau
Declaring Exceptions The Exceptions can be declared only in the declarative part of the PL/SQL subprogram, block, or package. By introducing its name, you can declare an excep
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