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LEVEL
You use the LEVEL with the SELECT CONNECT BY statement to categorize rows from a database table into a tree structure. The LEVEL returns the level number of a node in a tree structure. The root is at level 1, children of the root are at level 2, and grandchildren are at level 3, and so on.
You specify the direction in which the query walks the tree with the PRIOR operator. In the START WITH phrase, you specify a condition which identifies the root of the tree.
SQL Cursor The Oracle implicitly opens a cursor to process each SQL statement not related with an explicit cursor. The PL/SQL refers to the most current implicit cursor as t
SELECT INTO Statement The SELECT INTO statement retrieve data from one or more database tables, and then assigns the selected values to the variables or fields. Syntax:
Use External Routines The PL/SQL is particular for the SQL transaction processing. Therefore, several tasks are more quickly completed in a lower-level language like C that is
Cursor FOR Loops In most cases that need an explicit cursor, you can simplify the coding by using a cursor FOR loop rather of the OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE statements. A cursor FO
Set Operators The Set operators combine the results of the two queries into one result. The INTERSECT returns all the distinct rows selected by both queries. The MINUS returns
Write a program to implement the inverted file shown in the slides (Simple Index file, LabelID file and Data file). Use the Avail_List to point at the deleted Label IDs so that th
Identifiers You use identifiers to name the PL/SQL program items and units that include constants, variables, cursors, exceptions, cursor variables, subprograms, and packages.
Using INNER JOIN INNER JOIN is used to retrieve the data from all tables listed based on a condition of equality listed after keyword ON. If the condition is not meet, rows ar
Example of Table Literal - SQL Example: A Table Literal (correct version) VALUES ('S1', 'C1', 'Anne'), ('S1', 'C2', 'Anne'), ('S2', 'C1', 'Boris'), ('S3', 'C3'
set serveroutput on declare a number(5); b number(5); c number(5); begin a:=&a; b:=&b; c:=a/b; dbms_output.put_line(c); exception when zero_d
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