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LEVEL
You use the LEVEL with the SELECT CONNECT BY statement to categorize rows from a database table into a tree structure. The LEVEL returns the level number of a node in a tree structure. The root is at level 1, children of the root are at level 2, and grandchildren are at level 3, and so on.
You specify the direction in which the query walks the tree with the PRIOR operator. In the START WITH phrase, you specify a condition which identifies the root of the tree.
Managing Cursors The PL/SQL uses 2 types of cursors: implicit and explicit. The PL/SQL declares a cursor implicitly for all the SQL data manipulation statements, including th
WHILE-LOOP The WHILE-LOOP statement relates a condition with the series of statements enclosed by the keywords LOOP and END LOOP, as shown: WHILE condition LOOP sequence_of_sta
Using RENAME in combination with JOIN - SQL Example gives pairs of ids of students having the same name, by joining two renamings of IS_CALLED. Example gives an equivalent ex
Use of COUNT in SQL It describes and discusses various general methods of expressing constraints, eventually noting that support for "=" with relation operands is sufficient f
Dynamic SQL: The Most PL/SQL programs do a predictable, specific job. For illustration, a stored procedure may accept an employee number and salary increase, and then update t
Write SQL queries to solve the following specifications. Include the query AND THE OUTPUT. A screen dump of the output is acceptable. Show as many rows as you can. A screen dump i
Advantages of Packages The benefits of the Packages are as shown below: Modularity The Packages encapsulate logically associated items, types, and subprograms in the
COMMIT Statement The COMMIT statement explicitly makes everlasting changes to the database during the present transaction. The Changes made to the database are not considered e
Question: (a) In the context of database security explain how the following database features help to enforce security in the database system: (i) Authorisation (ii) Access
Sequential Control Dissimilar to the IF and LOOP statements, the GOTO and NULL statements are not important to the PL/SQL programming. The configuration of PL/SQL is such that th
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