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LEVEL NUMBERS:
The COBOL makes use of the level number concept to explain the hierarchical data structure.
A level number is a 2 digit number. The permitted level numbers are 01 - 49, 66, 77 and 88.
All the variables are declared in the working-storage section by using appropriate level numbers.
The elementary data item can acquire either 01 or 77 as its level number. In the COBOL a division is made between the elementary and group data items. A few elementary data may be joint to form a group.
For illustration, the DAY, MONTH & YEAR may be 3 elementary data items. These may be joint to form a group data named DATE. The association may be shown pictorially as shown below:
It may be noted that the memory space referred to by the DATE is the combined memory space for DAY, MONTH &YEAR. The benefits of such a grouping are very clear. The programmer can now refer to the individual elementary items DAY, MONTH, YEAR or the group item DATE. An elementary data item is however the one which the programmer would always like to refer to as an entire and not in parts.
THE SIMPLE SORT VERB: The process of sequencing the records in some preferred manner is termed as sorting. The Sorting is done upon some key data item in the record. For illus
simplify smple interest
Column and Field in COBOL program: In COBOL there are 2 types of entries termed as margin A and margin B entries. The Margin A entries start from the column 8, 9, 10 or 11 and
SEQUENTIAL FILES WITH THE VARIABLE-LENGTH RECORDS: The Magnetic - tape or disk files can hold variable-length records. In this situation the file can have records with various
RENAMES CLAUSE: At times re-grouping of an elementary data items in a record may be essential so that they can belong to the original as well as to the latest group. This is o
Illustration of perform statement: PERFORM CALCUALTE-TAX. In this illustration, the CALCULATE-TAX is either a section name or paragraph name. Assume that it is a section
PERFORM WITH VARYING OPTION: The format is as shown below:
Example of condition names: The illustration below is of the use of the condition names 77 MARITAL-STATUS PIC 9 88 SINGLE VALUE IS ZERO 88 MA
PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE SORT VERB: The file for which a record having 2 fields, viz., Account Number and Name is already available. Sort the file based on the ascending order o
IF STATEMENT: The easiest form of the IF statement is IF condition-1 statement-1 where the condition-1 may be any one from the shown below. When the condition-1
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