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LEVEL NUMBERS:
The COBOL makes use of the level number concept to explain the hierarchical data structure.
A level number is a 2 digit number. The permitted level numbers are 01 - 49, 66, 77 and 88.
All the variables are declared in the working-storage section by using appropriate level numbers.
The elementary data item can acquire either 01 or 77 as its level number. In the COBOL a division is made between the elementary and group data items. A few elementary data may be joint to form a group.
For illustration, the DAY, MONTH & YEAR may be 3 elementary data items. These may be joint to form a group data named DATE. The association may be shown pictorially as shown below:
It may be noted that the memory space referred to by the DATE is the combined memory space for DAY, MONTH &YEAR. The benefits of such a grouping are very clear. The programmer can now refer to the individual elementary items DAY, MONTH, YEAR or the group item DATE. An elementary data item is however the one which the programmer would always like to refer to as an entire and not in parts.
Transaction file : A transaction file is a file which contains new records those changes to old records which are used to update the master file. The problem of file updatio
RENAMES CLAUSE: At times re-grouping of an elementary data items in a record may be essential so that they can belong to the original as well as to the latest group. This is o
Common form of the READ statements: Format 1 is the common form of the READ statements. Format 2 is used when the access mode is either random or dynamic. For illustration,
Size: The number of characters or digits needed to store the data item in the memory in termed as the Size of the data item. All the 4 general characteristics explained can
, (Comma) : A comma, whenever used in a picture, is considered as an insertion character and inserted wherever it become visible. There can be more than one comma in the pictu
Edit Characters for Numeric Data: The characters below can be used in the PICTURE clause to indicate the editing. Z * $ - + CR DB . , B O /
we have input file ,record layout is EMP ID (6 char) , EMP NAME (20 char), Designation (3 char),Salary (5 digit) Base Branch (10char) Grade (3 Alphanumeric). This is the input file
PROGRAM FOR PERFORM ...UNTIL We have to write a program to find the sum of "n" natural numbers. Identification division. Program- id. PerfUntil. Environment division.
PROGRAM FOR IF : We have to write a program to check whether the given number is ODD or EVEN. Identification division. Program- id. Ifst. Environment division.
FILE DESCRIPTION- FIXED-LENGTH RECORDS: The normal characteristics of a file are explained in the file description (FD) entry of the DATA DIVISION.
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