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Learning and Spillovers
The cost of a value activity can decline over time due to learning that increases its efficiency. The methods by which learning can lower cost over time are many, and comprise such factors as layout changes, enhanced scheduling, labor efficiency enhancement, product design modifications that facilitate manufacturing, yield improvements, procedures that increase the utilization of assets, and better tailoring of raw materials to the process. Learning can also decrease the cost of retail outlets, constructing plants, or other facilities. Therefore the possibilities for learning in an activity are wider than learning by personnel to execute their functions more proficiently. The rate of learning varies broadly among value activities since each offers varying possibilities for learning enhancements. Learning is often the cumulation of many small improvements rather than major breakthroughs. The rate of learning might rise during slack periods whenever attention is focused on decreasing costs instead of meeting demand. Furthermore, learning tends to differ with the quantity of management attention dedicated to capturing it.
Learning can spill over from one firm in an industry to another, via mechanisms like consultants, suppliers, ex-employees, and reverse engineering of products. Where spillover of learning among firms is high in a value activity, the rate of learning might stem more from net industry learning than from the learning of one firm.
Explain Profitability ratios in relation to sales a) Gross profit ratio b) Net profit ratio c) Operating ratio d) Operating profit ratio e) Expenses ratio
Kibble Company had the following functional income statement for the month of July 2011: Kibble Company Functional Income Statement For the Month Ending July 31, 2011 Sales ($40 x
chapter 5 solution
taking the role of a consultant, discuss the factors you would consider in selecting a suitable accounting system solutio for a small to medium enterprise. i has to be 1200 q\work
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Advantages of activity based costing 1) It helps understanding the behavior of overhead costs and their relations ship to products services customers and market segments. 2)
discuss the applicability of an operating cycle in vegetable growing in a low developed country like Uganda- Africa
The revolving credit facility will be specified by the banker to the customer through providing specific amount of credit facility for a continuous basis. The borrower will not be
Responsibility Accounting This is a term used to define the measuring of performance of decentralized units, using account results. Responsibility accounting recognizes various
Risk : Risk includes circumstances or events that may or may not take place though whose probability of occurrence can be predicted from the past records. In this atmosphere, t
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