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Learning and Spillovers
The cost of a value activity can decline over time due to learning that increases its efficiency. The methods by which learning can lower cost over time are many, and comprise such factors as layout changes, enhanced scheduling, labor efficiency enhancement, product design modifications that facilitate manufacturing, yield improvements, procedures that increase the utilization of assets, and better tailoring of raw materials to the process. Learning can also decrease the cost of retail outlets, constructing plants, or other facilities. Therefore the possibilities for learning in an activity are wider than learning by personnel to execute their functions more proficiently. The rate of learning varies broadly among value activities since each offers varying possibilities for learning enhancements. Learning is often the cumulation of many small improvements rather than major breakthroughs. The rate of learning might rise during slack periods whenever attention is focused on decreasing costs instead of meeting demand. Furthermore, learning tends to differ with the quantity of management attention dedicated to capturing it.
Learning can spill over from one firm in an industry to another, via mechanisms like consultants, suppliers, ex-employees, and reverse engineering of products. Where spillover of learning among firms is high in a value activity, the rate of learning might stem more from net industry learning than from the learning of one firm.
Pricing is a problem in four general types of situations: 1) When the firm develops or introduces a new product and it is fix the price of the product for the first time. 2)
critically examine the current cost accounting for price level changes
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Ask question #MinimumYears Purchase Costs Running cost discount factor 8% Running cost Savings PVS 0 -7000 -7000 1 2000 0.926 1852 5556 3704 2 2500 0.857 2142.5 5999 3856.5
what is the not differential cost
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