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In real life, the operation of simple multiplier is affected by many leakages. Leakages in the multiplier arise out of the following reasons:(1) Saving: If all the income is spent on consumption, then every increase in investment will raise the level of income. But, if a large proportion of the income is kept as saving, it will certainly have different effect on the intensity of multiplier.(2) Debt Cancellation: If the people use a large proportion of their income in debt repayment, they will have smaller amount of income left for consumption. As a result, marginal propensity to consume falls and the value of multiplier also goes down.(3) Imports: If the imports of a country exceed its exports a large portion of the national income will go to foreigners. Consequently, the multiplier effect of this expenditure is transmitted abroad. In such a situation, any increase in the investment will not increase the level of income in the economy.(4) Price Inflation: When the economic reaches the full employment level or very close to it, every increase in investment will bring about a simultaneous increase in the price level. A large portion of incremental income will be spent in buying costly things; therefore, the intensity of multiplier becomes weak.(5) Liquidity preference: People keep a part of their money income in liquid form. Liquidity preference reduces the present level of consumption of the community; as a result, the multiplier loses its strength.
Suppose you serve on an environmental policy planning board for the federal government. Your task is to propose a policy initiative aimed at reducing urban air pollution, using the
Assume two individuals, A and B, are considering marriage, and each face the same amount of hours a week to be split between market-labor and home-labor. Assume that A can make $2
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Suppose the annual demand function for the Honda Accord is Qd = 430 - 10 PA + 10 PC - 10 PG where PA and PC are the prices of the Accord and the Toyota Camry respectively (in thous
Price 10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1 QD 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 TR? Ed?.
If Starbucks's marketing department estimates the income elasticity of demand for its coffee to be 2.9, how will the prospect of an economic bust (expected to decrease consumers' i
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