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Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
The autoregulation of renal blood flow involves a neuroendocrine mechanism related to the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney.
Figure: Structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in mammals
When the afferent arterial blood pressure is low, the stretch sensitive receptors of the arterioles initiate nerve impulses which induce the secretion of a proteolytic enzyme called renin by the juxtaglomerular cells into the blood. This enzyme causes the release of a decapeptide called angiotensin-I from a large globular plasma protein known as angiotensinogen. Another proteolytic enzyme from the plasma, the converting enzyme, removes two amino acids from angiotensin-I to form an octapeptide called angiotensin-II. Angiotensin-II is about 200 times more powerful than norepinephrine in its lasopressor activity. It increases the blood pressure by two mechanisms. Firstly, it acts on the smooth muscle of the arterioles and causes strong vasoconstriction. Secondly, it stimulates the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone enhances the uptake of Na+ by the kidney tubules and hence causes a rise in the plasma Na+ level. This results in an increase in the extracellular fluid volume and consequently an elevation in blood pressure. Angiotensin-II is degraded by an enzyme called Angiotensinase, present in plasma.
Beginning with the entry of fatty acid into target cells, describe in detail how inactivation of carnitine can lead to a high level of fatty acids in the blood.
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By prodigality of nature it is meant that organisms have an enormous potential to reproduce. A carp or salmon is known to lay over a million eggs. A frog may lay Bs many as 12,000
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What is the main theory opposed to evolution? The major theory that opposes the evolution theory on the explanation of how species emerged (phylogenesis) is fixism.
The probability of an individual in a trihybrid F2 generation showing the dominant phenotype for just two traits?
Alzheimer's disease - a devastating brain disease which gradually ruins the , thinking skills, patient's memory and ultimately the ability to perform the simpl
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State the term - localisation scales The localisation scales are also empirically derived, being based on studies of patients with localised brain lesions. There are frontal,
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