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Iterative Control: LOOP StatementsThe LOOP statement executes a series of statements multiple times. There are 3 forms of LOOP statements: LOOP, WHILE-LOOP, & FOR-LOOP.LOOPThe simplest form of the LOOP statement is the basic loop that encloses a series of statements between the keywords LOOP and END LOOP which is as shown:LOOPsequence_of_statementsEND LOOP;With each of the iteration of the loop, the series of statements is executed, then the control resumes at the top of the loop. If extra processing is undesirable or impossible, you may use an EXIT statement to complete the loop. You may place one or more EXIT statements wherever inside a loop, but nowhere outside a loop. There are 2 forms of EXIT statements: EXIT and EXIT-WHEN.
Cursor FOR Loops In most cases that need an explicit cursor, you can simplify the coding by using a cursor FOR loop rather of the OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE statements. A cursor FO
Special cases of projection This section describes the identity projection, r {ALL BUT}, and the projection on no attributes, r { }, which yields TABLE_DUM when r is empty, ot
Fetching with a Cursor The FETCH statements retrieve the rows in the result set one at a time. After each and every fetch, the cursor advance to the next row in the result set
Example of COALESCE operator Example: Give the total of marks for each exam (simplified solution) SELECT CourseId, COALESCE ((SELECT SUM (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK AS EM
Using raise_application_error The Package DBMS_STANDARD that is supplied with Oracle gives language facilities that help your application to interact with Oracle. For illustra
Procedures The procedure is a subprogram which can take parameters and be invoked. Normally, you can use a procedure to perform an action. The procedure has 2 sections: the spe
Authorisations - Privileges As relational theory is silent on the issue of authorisation, it offers nothing with which SQL's vast edifice in support of what it calls privilege
GOTO Statement The GOTO statement branches categorically to a block label or statement label. The label should be exclusive within its scope and should precede a PL/SQL bloc
Using Operator REF: You can retrieve refs by using the operator REF that, like VALUE, takes as its argument a correlation variable. In the illustration below, you retrieve one
"Not Enforced" Table Constraints A constraint that is not enforced is not really a constraint within the meaning of the act, but SQL does have such a concept and it needs to b
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