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Issuer's Considerations
Cash Flows: Issuers may consider the period for which the funds are required and try to spread the borrowings in a way to minimize the costs. Generally, the requirements of funds will depend on the purpose for which the funds are raised.
Taxation: Issuers may have to assess the tax liability of the company and try to design the instrument in order to get the benefit of certain tax incentives for the company and to the investors. The attempt would be to minimize the tax liability of the issuer.
Leverage: Issuers may assess the debt to equity ratio of the company since excess of debt may burden the company with debt servicing. Further, in a falling interest rate scenario a debt contracted for a long-term will increase the cost of funds for the company.
Dilution of Control: Likewise, excess of equity will dilute the control over the company and this will be a disincentive especially if the promoters prefer the company to be closely held.
Transaction Costs: The instrument should have adequate liquidity so that investors costs while transacting are minimal.
Quantum of Funds: Issuers may target the investors based on the quantum of funds required and the time within which the funds are to be raised.
Maturity Plan: Depending upon the future requirement of funds and also on the availability of funds to repay the lenders, the repayment schedule of the instrument has to be designed.
Deseasonalizing a Time Series The Ratio to Average Method allows us to identify the component of the seasonal variation in time series data and the indices themselves help us
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