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IS NULL OperatorThe IS NULL operator returns the Boolean value TRUE whenever its operand is null or FALSE if it is not null. The comparisons including the nulls always yield NULL. And hence, to test for nullity (the state of being null), then do not use the statementIF variable = NULL THEN...Rather, use the statement below:IF variable IS NULL THEN...
Loop Labels Like the PL/SQL blocks, loops can also be labeled. The label, an undeclared identifier enclosed by double angle brackets, should appear at the beginning of the LOOP
Using %TYPE The %TYPE attribute gives the datatype of a variable or the database column. In the example below, the %TYPE gives the datatype of a variable: credit REAL(7,2); debi
COMMIT Statement The COMMIT statement explicitly makes everlasting changes to the database during the present transaction. The Changes made to the database are not considered e
Example of GROUPBY Operator Example: How many students sat each exam, using GROUP BY, NATURAL LEFT JOIN, and COALESCE SELECT CourseId, COALESCE (n, 0) AS n FROM COURS
Functions The function is a subprogram that calculates a value. The Functions and procedures are structured similar, except that the functions have a RETURN clause. You can
Number Types The Number types permit you to store the numeric data (real numbers, integers, and floating-point numbers), show quantities, and do computations. BINARY_INTEG
Using LIMIT For nested tables, that have no maximum size, the LIMIT returns NULL. For varrays, the LIMIT returns the maximum number of elements that a varray can have (that yo
Named Notation The second procedure call uses the named notation. An arrow (=>) serve as the relationship operator that associates the formal parameter to the left of the arro
Table Comparison - SQL The following definitions for relation comparisons: Let r1 and r2 be relations having the same heading. Then: r1 ⊆ r2 is true if every tuple of r1
Understanding Varrays The Items of type VARRAY are termed as the varrays. They permit you to relate a single identifier with the whole collection. This relationship lets you man
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