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The contribution of ionic polarization takes account of the fact that when in a molecule some of the atoms have an excess positive or negative charge (resulting from the ionic character of the bonds),an electric field tend to shift positive ions relative to negative ones. This leads to an induced moment of other origin from the moment induced by electron clouds shifting relative to nuclei. In this case a solid material should have some ionic character. It then automatically has internal dipoles, exactly cancels each other and is unable to rotate. The external field them induces net dipoles by slightly displacing the ions from their rest position. The paradigmatic materials are simple ionic crystal like NaCl. The polarization of a given volume, though, is exactly zero as for every dipole moment there is a neighbouring one with exactly the same magnitude, but with opposite sign. Note that the dipoles cannot dipoles, their direction is permanent. In electric field, the ions feel forces in opposite directions. The Na+ ions moved a bit to the right, the Chlorine ions to the lift. The dipoles moments between adjacent NaCl pairs in field direction are now different and there is a net dipole moment in a finite volume now. It can be observed that it is enough to take one dipole in field direction.
How many ports does a fiber optics system have? Depending upon the final use the main common parts to account for in a fundamental system are: bushing, end fittings and illumin
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Universal constant of gravitation; G: The constant of proportionality in Newton's law of universal gravitation & which plays an vital role in A. Einstein's general relativity.
When a certain beam of light falls upon a metal surface, it ejects photoelectrons from it. The number of photoelectrons ejected per second by the beam of light depends upon on
With the help of a ray diagram, explain the formation of the final image of an object in a compound microscope. Derive a mathematical expression for its magnifying power.
Gauss' law for magnetic fields The magnetic flux by a closed surface is zero; no magnetic charges present. In differential form, div B = 0.
Show any two applications of beats. What are "Echelon effects" and "Focusing"?
Ferromagnetic materials exhibit magnetic behaviour similar to ferromagnetism below a critical temperature, known as curie temperatures. Above which it turns out to be paramagnetic.
For silicon the forbidden gap is (A) 1.1ev. (B) 0.25ev. (C) 0.5ev. (D) 0.7ev. Ans: For silicon the forbidden gap is 1.1ev.
A charge of 1.5µC is carried on two parallel rectangular plates each measuring 60mm by 80mm. Measure the electric flux density. If the plates are spaced 10mm apart and the v
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