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The contribution of ionic polarization takes account of the fact that when in a molecule some of the atoms have an excess positive or negative charge (resulting from the ionic character of the bonds),an electric field tend to shift positive ions relative to negative ones. This leads to an induced moment of other origin from the moment induced by electron clouds shifting relative to nuclei. In this case a solid material should have some ionic character. It then automatically has internal dipoles, exactly cancels each other and is unable to rotate. The external field them induces net dipoles by slightly displacing the ions from their rest position. The paradigmatic materials are simple ionic crystal like NaCl. The polarization of a given volume, though, is exactly zero as for every dipole moment there is a neighbouring one with exactly the same magnitude, but with opposite sign. Note that the dipoles cannot dipoles, their direction is permanent. In electric field, the ions feel forces in opposite directions. The Na+ ions moved a bit to the right, the Chlorine ions to the lift. The dipoles moments between adjacent NaCl pairs in field direction are now different and there is a net dipole moment in a finite volume now. It can be observed that it is enough to take one dipole in field direction.
Kirchhoff's rules (G.R. Kirchhoff): loop rule The total of the potential differences encountered in a round trip about any closed loop in a circuit is zero. point
An ice-skater with a mass of 75.0 kg pushes off against a second skater with a mass of 42.0 kg. Both skaters are initially at rest. After the push, the larger skater moves
High resistive materials: The materials which have their resistivity 10 -8 to 10 -6 ohm-m come under this category. These materials are used for making resistance elements fo
The stress at which the specimen breaks or reptures ultimately is known as ultimate strength. We also called this TENSILE STRENGTH .
A secondary cell is that cell is which the electrical energy is first up as a chemical energy and when the current is taken from the battery, the chemical power is reconverted into
type of mirror used
how to create a graph on the acceleration due to gravity on a pendulum
A convex lens of refractive index 1.5 of focal length 0.2m is immersed in water of refractive index 1.33. Determine the focal length of lens in water.
Earth's atmosphere is separated into four layers: The troposphere (0-10 km), the stratosphere (10-50 km), the mesosphere (50-80 km), and the thermosphere (80-500 km).
a pendulum is timed ,first for 20 swings and then for 50 swings ; time for 20 swings = 17.4 sec and time for 50 sec = 43.2. calculate the average time per swing/
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