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The contribution of ionic polarization takes account of the fact that when in a molecule some of the atoms have an excess positive or negative charge (resulting from the ionic character of the bonds),an electric field tend to shift positive ions relative to negative ones. This leads to an induced moment of other origin from the moment induced by electron clouds shifting relative to nuclei. In this case a solid material should have some ionic character. It then automatically has internal dipoles, exactly cancels each other and is unable to rotate. The external field them induces net dipoles by slightly displacing the ions from their rest position. The paradigmatic materials are simple ionic crystal like NaCl. The polarization of a given volume, though, is exactly zero as for every dipole moment there is a neighbouring one with exactly the same magnitude, but with opposite sign. Note that the dipoles cannot dipoles, their direction is permanent. In electric field, the ions feel forces in opposite directions. The Na+ ions moved a bit to the right, the Chlorine ions to the lift. The dipoles moments between adjacent NaCl pairs in field direction are now different and there is a net dipole moment in a finite volume now. It can be observed that it is enough to take one dipole in field direction.
Resistance: Resistance is the opposition to the motion of electrons. This arises as a result of collision of moving electrons. The unit of resistance is "ohm" represented by
A box is divided into two parts of equal volume via a partition. The box is thermally insulated from the surroundings. Consider that compartment 1 contains an ideal gas A at P 0 ,
The I beam weighs 0.6kN/m and supports the load which is P33 kN as shown. The distance from the load to point B is P34 m. Determine the vertical support reactions at A and B. (A
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Stefan-Boltzmann law (Stefan, L. Boltzmann): The radiated power P (it is rate of emission of electromagnetic energy) of hot body is proportional to the radiating surface area,
The simple equation E = mc² is not usually applicable to all these types of mass and energy, except in the special case that the total additive momentum is zero for the system unde
INTRODUCTION: Superconductivity is a phenomenon takes place in certain materials at low temperatures. Characterized by precisely zero electrical resistance. Superconductors have
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