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The contribution of ionic polarization takes account of the fact that when in a molecule some of the atoms have an excess positive or negative charge (resulting from the ionic character of the bonds),an electric field tend to shift positive ions relative to negative ones. This leads to an induced moment of other origin from the moment induced by electron clouds shifting relative to nuclei. In this case a solid material should have some ionic character. It then automatically has internal dipoles, exactly cancels each other and is unable to rotate. The external field them induces net dipoles by slightly displacing the ions from their rest position. The paradigmatic materials are simple ionic crystal like NaCl. The polarization of a given volume, though, is exactly zero as for every dipole moment there is a neighbouring one with exactly the same magnitude, but with opposite sign. Note that the dipoles cannot dipoles, their direction is permanent. In electric field, the ions feel forces in opposite directions. The Na+ ions moved a bit to the right, the Chlorine ions to the lift. The dipoles moments between adjacent NaCl pairs in field direction are now different and there is a net dipole moment in a finite volume now. It can be observed that it is enough to take one dipole in field direction.
Advantages of A.C. transmission of power 1. The power can be produced at high voltages. 2. The maintenance of a.c. sub-stations is simple and cheaper. 3. The a.c. voltage
A pendulum is timed, first for 20 swings and then for 50 swings Time for 20 swings= 17.4s Time for 50 swings= 43.2s Calculate the average time per swing in each case.
Clear definitions of, and rationale for defining variables as explanatory confounding (if required) effect modifying variables (if required) and rationale if the form
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how ultrasonic wave detect by piezoelectric detector ?
a pendulum is timed ,first for 20 swings and then for 50 swings ; time for 20 swings = 17.4 sec and time for 50 sec = 43.2. calculate the average time per swing/
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An atom is said to be polarized if it possesses and effective dipole moment, that is, if there is a separation between the centres of negative and positive charge distribution. It
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