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The contribution of ionic polarization takes account of the fact that when in a molecule some of the atoms have an excess positive or negative charge (resulting from the ionic character of the bonds),an electric field tend to shift positive ions relative to negative ones. This leads to an induced moment of other origin from the moment induced by electron clouds shifting relative to nuclei. In this case a solid material should have some ionic character. It then automatically has internal dipoles, exactly cancels each other and is unable to rotate. The external field them induces net dipoles by slightly displacing the ions from their rest position. The paradigmatic materials are simple ionic crystal like NaCl. The polarization of a given volume, though, is exactly zero as for every dipole moment there is a neighbouring one with exactly the same magnitude, but with opposite sign. Note that the dipoles cannot dipoles, their direction is permanent. In electric field, the ions feel forces in opposite directions. The Na+ ions moved a bit to the right, the Chlorine ions to the lift. The dipoles moments between adjacent NaCl pairs in field direction are now different and there is a net dipole moment in a finite volume now. It can be observed that it is enough to take one dipole in field direction.
It is desired to lessen the reflection of light by the outer surfaces of the objective lenses of a pair of binoculars. These surfaces are the foremost surfaces that light hits on e
It is defined as an electric strain produced in an atom due to application of external electric field to the bulk material. It is the result of the displacement of the positively c
Q. What is band emission spectrum? Give an example. It consists of a numerous bright bands with a sharp edge at one end but fading out at the other end. Band spectra are acquir
For the circuit shown in Figure calculate (a) The value of resistor Rx such that the total power dissipated in the circuit is 2.5kW, and (b) The current flowing in each of th
Surface Imperfection: These are two dimensional and refer to a region of distortions that lies around a surface having a thickness of a some atomic diameters.
(1) Standing pulse can be longitudinal / transverse. (2) The disturbance confined to a particular part among the starting point and reflecting point of the ray. (3) There is
Uniformity principle (E.P. Hubble): The principle that the laws of physics here & now are not distinct, at least qualitatively, from the laws of physics in previous or future
Snell's Law: The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is constant for all rays passing from one medium to another medium. That is Sini/Sinr
what is astrophysics?
Critical Mass: The minimum mass of Uranium required for smooth fission chain reaction is called as critical mass.
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