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The contribution of ionic polarization takes account of the fact that when in a molecule some of the atoms have an excess positive or negative charge (resulting from the ionic character of the bonds),an electric field tend to shift positive ions relative to negative ones. This leads to an induced moment of other origin from the moment induced by electron clouds shifting relative to nuclei. In this case a solid material should have some ionic character. It then automatically has internal dipoles, exactly cancels each other and is unable to rotate. The external field them induces net dipoles by slightly displacing the ions from their rest position. The paradigmatic materials are simple ionic crystal like NaCl. The polarization of a given volume, though, is exactly zero as for every dipole moment there is a neighbouring one with exactly the same magnitude, but with opposite sign. Note that the dipoles cannot dipoles, their direction is permanent. In electric field, the ions feel forces in opposite directions. The Na+ ions moved a bit to the right, the Chlorine ions to the lift. The dipoles moments between adjacent NaCl pairs in field direction are now different and there is a net dipole moment in a finite volume now. It can be observed that it is enough to take one dipole in field direction.
If either screen or source or both are at preset distance from the diffracting device (obstacle or aperture), the diffraction is known as Fresnel type.
Two parallel wires P and Q situated at a separation of 6 cm carry electric currents i 1 =5 A and i2 = 2 A in opposite directions as given in fig-. Determine the point on the line
How can we calculate the rate of effusion of nitrogen gas from a cylinder. and how much time it will take??
A model elevator A working model of an elevator can simply be made from easy materials. For the rotating drums or sheaves, metal coffee tin will do. With a hammer and a big nai
Can you explain in single slit diffraction intensity of 1 st secondary maximum is less than that of principal maximum by how many times?
What is calculated constraint relation?
Show the mathematical relation connecting n,u,v and R for refraction at a spherical surface concave towards a point object in a denser medium producing a virtual image.
Working of Current Time base generator
Q. Why nichrome is used as heating element in electric heating devices? Nichrome, an alloy of nickel as well as chromium is used as the heating element for the following reaso
A particle is projected from ground with velocity 40sqrt2m/s.find- a)velocity and b)displacement of particle after 2sec .Take g=10m/s^2 Ans) velocity v=u+at a=-g v=40√2-10*2
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