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The contribution of ionic polarization takes account of the fact that when in a molecule some of the atoms have an excess positive or negative charge (resulting from the ionic character of the bonds),an electric field tend to shift positive ions relative to negative ones. This leads to an induced moment of other origin from the moment induced by electron clouds shifting relative to nuclei. In this case a solid material should have some ionic character. It then automatically has internal dipoles, exactly cancels each other and is unable to rotate. The external field them induces net dipoles by slightly displacing the ions from their rest position. The paradigmatic materials are simple ionic crystal like NaCl. The polarization of a given volume, though, is exactly zero as for every dipole moment there is a neighbouring one with exactly the same magnitude, but with opposite sign. Note that the dipoles cannot dipoles, their direction is permanent. In electric field, the ions feel forces in opposite directions. The Na+ ions moved a bit to the right, the Chlorine ions to the lift. The dipoles moments between adjacent NaCl pairs in field direction are now different and there is a net dipole moment in a finite volume now. It can be observed that it is enough to take one dipole in field direction.
What are the electron microscopy application areas? Electron microscopy application areas are as follows: a. Biology and life sciences b. Semiconductor and data storage
The average distance of an electron in an atom from its nucleus is of the order of: (1) 10 6 m (2) 10 -6 m (3) 10 -10 m (4)10 -15 m Ans: (3) 10 -10 m
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A small air bubble is inside a cube of 0.21 m. When viewed from one face it seems to be at a depth of 0.06 m, when viewed from opposite face the bubble seems to be at a depth of 0.
1. A given radioactive sample emits only one type of radiation. When placed in a counter for 10 minutes, 1632 counts are registered. Then the sample is removed and a background
For higher current rating application, resistance wires with extremely large cross sections are required. The necessary large cross sections are produced in the form of resistance
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