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The contribution of ionic polarization takes account of the fact that when in a molecule some of the atoms have an excess positive or negative charge (resulting from the ionic character of the bonds),an electric field tend to shift positive ions relative to negative ones. This leads to an induced moment of other origin from the moment induced by electron clouds shifting relative to nuclei. In this case a solid material should have some ionic character. It then automatically has internal dipoles, exactly cancels each other and is unable to rotate. The external field them induces net dipoles by slightly displacing the ions from their rest position. The paradigmatic materials are simple ionic crystal like NaCl. The polarization of a given volume, though, is exactly zero as for every dipole moment there is a neighbouring one with exactly the same magnitude, but with opposite sign. Note that the dipoles cannot dipoles, their direction is permanent. In electric field, the ions feel forces in opposite directions. The Na+ ions moved a bit to the right, the Chlorine ions to the lift. The dipoles moments between adjacent NaCl pairs in field direction are now different and there is a net dipole moment in a finite volume now. It can be observed that it is enough to take one dipole in field direction.
why we use compensater??
Collision
Infrared Waves: Infrared wave also known as heat wave. These waves are radiation by hot body at dissimilar temperature.
how much energy is required to raise an object of 300g that is initially at rest to a height of 2m and simultaneuosly give the object a velocity if 4m/s?
Derive a mathematical expression for the magnetic induction at a point on the axial line of a bar magnet. Derive a mathematical expression for the magnetic induction at a point
Q. What are Stark and Zeeman effects? It is found that while electric or magnetic field is applied to the atom all of the spectral line split into several lines. The former ef
terrestrial telescope
Consider a horizontal cylinder with diameter D and length L. The center of the cylinder is a distance a above the ground. A wall with length W and height H is located to the side o
Biasing: The application of electric potential to semiconductor diode is known as Biasing.
Depending upon the penetration power, there are two parts of X-rays Hard X-rays More penetration power More frequency of the order of ≈ 1019 Hz Lesser wavelength range
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