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INTRODUCTION : It took just hundred years for cardiac surgery to advance to what it is today. Before 1896, surgeons considered heart to be "inviolable" and it was stated that operating directly on the pulsating heart can be done but the patient will not survive, In 1896, Ludwig Rehn, a German Surgeon, sutured a wound in the heart caused by stab injury. Discovery of X-ray in 1895 and electrocardiographic recording in 1924, paved the way for the better understanding of diseases of the heart. In 1929, Warner Frossman from Germany did the first right heart catheterization on himself.
Rehn and Sauerbrock from Germany did the first partial pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis (1913). Mitral stenosis was one of the earliest intra cardiac lesions to be treated surgically. Cutler and Levine (1923) using a special knife attached to the finger and Souttar is using digital dilatation were the earliest surgeons to treat mitral stenosis. However, effective closed mitral valvotomy procedures were established by Harken and Bailey in the US and Brock in UK.
Human lungs A pair of spongy, elastic and bag like structures of lungs is present in the chest cavity, one on either side of the heart. Lungs are enclosed by a double lay
Cellular Transport Cellular transports demote to the movement of compounds across the outer wall or membrane of the cell. This transport is critical in two respects. Firstly, t
What is recombination frequency? The Recombination frequency, or crossing over rate, is the percentage of recombinant gametes made by crossing over (in relation to the number o
Q. Requirements of vitamins during congestive cardiac failure? Vitamins: The requirements of all vitamins remain the same as per the RDI. If the patient is also suffering from
Implementation of Nursing Care Isolate the Child: When the child is admitted with suspected meningitis, the nurse has to take care that child's isolation is essential to p
Chemoreceptors These are receptors included in perception of chemical stimuli. You will see that there are three kinds of Chemoreceptors among metazoans: i) Those concerne
Metazoa In the two kingdom classification, the unicellular 'animals' used to be clubbed together under a single phylum Protozoa that constituted sub-kingdom - Protozoa. The re
Explain Antiarrhythmic Drugs? Amiodarone may be considered in VT/VF that is refractory to shock. It might be given if the third shock is not successful. The dose is 300 mg IV i
Q What is the name of the membrane with the intention of delimits the nucleus? To which component of the cell structure is that membrane contiguous? The nuclear membrane is als
Language, a powerful tool for communication should have played a very important part in the evolutionary history of human species. Two relevant questions that could be asked of hum
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