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Insulation between conceptual and physical structures
It can be defined as:
1. The Database Administrator should be capable to vary the storage structures without affecting users' views.
2. The internal structure of the database should be unaffected by the varies to the physical aspects of the storage, like changing to a new storage device.
3. The DBA should be able to vary the conceptual structure of the database without affecting all users.
External failure : A failure can also result because of an external cause, such as earthquakes, fire, floods, etc. The database must be duly backed up to avoid troubles occurring d
The need for three level architecture The aim of the three level architecture is to divide each user's view of the database from the way the database is physically shown.
What are the types of reference?explain it with suitable examples? Object oriented language given the ability to refer the object attribute of the type can be referred to the s
What is object identity? An object retains its identity even if some or all the values of variables or explanations of methods change overtime.
Recovery Techniques: After Reading the types of failures and database errors, let us talk about how to recover from the failures. Recovery can be complete using/restoring the previ
What are the uses of functional dependencies? To test relations to see whether they are legal under a given set of functional dependencies. To state constraints on the set
How to use Oracle
Isolation or Independence : The isolation property shows that the updates of a transaction should not be visible till they are committed. Isolation assurance that the progresses of
Parallelism of transaction execution: A transaction can be divided into various sub-queries that can operate on fragments in parallel. This enhances the degree of concurrency in t
If R1 and R2 are two relations or functions, then the result of R3 = R1 × R2 is the combination of tuples that are in R1 and R2. The product is associative and commutative. Degr
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