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Insulation between conceptual and physical structures
It can be defined as:
1. The Database Administrator should be capable to vary the storage structures without affecting users' views.
2. The internal structure of the database should be unaffected by the varies to the physical aspects of the storage, like changing to a new storage device.
3. The DBA should be able to vary the conceptual structure of the database without affecting all users.
Physical Records These are the records that are stored in the secondary storage devices. For the database relation, physical records are the group of fields kept in adjacent me
coventions for displaying an ER schema as ER diagram
In an organization several projects are undertaken. Each project can employ one or more employees. Each employee can work on one or more projects. Each project is undertaken on the
Question: a) There are three concurrency problems, i.e. three types of potential mistake which could occur if concurrency control is not properly enforced in the database syst
Define single valued and multivalued attributes. Single valued attributes: attributes with a single value for a particular entity are known as single valued attributes. M
Discuss the count function? The COUNT function used returns the number of tuples or values fixed in a query. The count function comprises two types of syntax: (1) COUNT (*)
Selective replication: This is a combination of generating small fragments of relation and replicating them rather than a entire relation. The data should be fragmented on require
1 NF Normal Form The domain of attribute must add only atomic (simple, indivisible) values First normal form (Minimal Form or 1NF) is a normal form need in database normalizat
How can you map NULL values to other values while display? IF( ) , IFNULL( ) keywords are used to do so. They are 'LIMIT' is used for the following kinds of problems: 1) Ans
What is transaction? Collections of operations that form a single logical unit of work are known as transactions.
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