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Initializing Records
The illustration below shows that you can initialize a record in its type definition. Whenever you declare a record of the type TimeRec, its 3 fields suppose an initial value of zero.
DECLARE
TYPE TimeRec IS RECORD (
secs SMALLINT := 0,
mins SMALLINT := 0,
hrs SMALLINT := 0);
The illustration later shows that you can impose the NOT NULL constraint on any field, and so avoid the assigning of nulls to that field. The Fields declared as NOT NULL should be initialized.
TYPE StockItem IS RECORD (
item_no INTEGER(3) NOT NULL := 999,
description VARCHAR2(50),
quantity INTEGER,
price REAL(7,2));
Using EXCEPTION_INIT To handle unnamed internal exceptions, you should use the OTHERS handler or the pragma EXCEPTION_INIT. The pragma is a compiler directive that can be th
Query: SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE1; Select 5 columns and all rows from one table Query: SELECT C_ID, COMPANY, BUILDING, DEPARTMENT, BRANCH FROM CONTRACT;
Example of GROUPBY Operator Example: How many students sat each exam, using GROUP BY, NATURAL LEFT JOIN, and COALESCE SELECT CourseId, COALESCE (n, 0) AS n FROM COURS
Committing and Rolling Back The COMMIT and ROLLBACK end the active autonomous transaction but do not exit the autonomous routine. As the figure shows, if one transaction ends,
COMMIT Statement The COMMIT statement explicitly makes everlasting changes to the database during the present transaction. The Changes made to the database are not considered e
Question: Consider the following relations (primary keys are underlined): AUTHOR (ANo, aname, address, speciality) PUBLISHER (PNo, pname, Location) BOOK (BNo, Title, ISBN,
Stored Subprograms Normally, tools (like Oracle Forms) which incorporate the PL/SQL engine can store subprograms locally for later, strictly local execution. Though, to become
Keyword and Parameter Description: label_name: This is an undeclared identifier which optionally labels the PL/SQL block. When used, label_name should be enclosed by the do
"Not Enforced" Table Constraints A constraint that is not enforced is not really a constraint within the meaning of the act, but SQL does have such a concept and it needs to b
Use Serially Reusable Packages To help you to manage the use of memory, the PL/SQL gives the pragma SERIALLY_ REUSABLE that mark some packages as serially reusable . So mark
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