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INDEXED SEQUENTIAL FILES:
In the indexed sequential files which are also known as indexed files, the records are stored in the sequence order generally in ascending order. In addition, some of the index tables are also created and maintained with the file.
An indexed file on COBOL can be accessed either sequential or randomly. Though, while creating an indexed file the records can be written only sequentially and in the ascending order of the key. Whenever an indexed file is accessed randomly, the series in which the records are accessed is controlled by the programmer by specifying the value of the data item known as record key.
The Indexed files in a COBOL program can be handled through appropriate special codes in the FILE-CONTROL paragraph and in the PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Illustration of Search verb: To illustrate the other use of SEARCH verb, assume we wish to search the similar tab to find the number of persons whose deposited amount is more
ON SIZE ERROR OPTION: If after an arithmetic expression, the result exceeds the highest value which can be accommodated in the result; this error is termed as size error. T
Example of Accept statement: For illustration, ACCEPT FLAG-A can be specified to read the value of the FLAG_A from the console. It may be keep in mind that no file definition
FILE CHARACTERISTICS: The task of file handling is the responsibility of the system software termed as IOCS (Input-Output control system). Record Size: We know that th
We have input file, record layout is EMP ID (6 char) , EMP NAME (20 char), Designation (3 char),Salary (5 digit) Base Branch (10char) Grade (3 Alphanumeric). This is the input f
BLOCK CONTAINS CLAUSE: Integer -1 of the BLOCK CONTAINS clause indicates the block size either in terms of records or in terms of characters. For illustration, BLOCK CONTAINS
Example of constructing an arithmetic expression: An arithmetic expression may be proceeded by a + or - sign. These operations are known as unary + or unary - operators. Il
RULES FOR INDEXED TABLES: The rules of indexing a table with an INDEXED phrase are as shown below: (1) If indexing is completed for any one level of a table, then indexing
WRITE STATEMENT: The records are written to be logical place as determined from the value of the record key. The INVALID KEY condition occurs in the cases shown below: (i)
PROGRAM FOR SUBTRACT VERB: We have to write a simple program to elaborate the SUBTRACT verb. You can also use edit characters in the program. Identification division. Pr
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