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IN OperatorThe operator IN tests the set membership. This means "equal to any member of." The set may have nulls, but they are ignored. For illustration, the statement below does not delete the rows in which the ename column is null:DELETE FROM emp WHERE ename IN (NULL, ’KING’, ’FORD’);Moreover, the expressions of the formvalue NOT IN setyield FALSE when the set contains a null. For illustration, instead of deleting the rows in which the ename column is not null and not ’KING’, the statement below deletes no rows:DELETE FROM emp WHERE ename NOT IN (NULL, ’KING’);Concatenation OperatorThe Double vertical bars (||) serve as the concatenation operator that appends one string to another. For illustration, the expression’suit’ || ’case’returns the value as shown below:’suitcase’If both the operands have datatype CHAR, the concatenation operator returns a CHAR value. Or else, it returns a VARCHAR2 value.
Parameter Default Values As the illustration below shows, you can initialize the IN parameters to the default values. In that way, you can pass various numbers of actual par
Block Structure The PL/SQL is a block-structured language. That is, the fundamental units (procedures, anonymous blocks, and functions) that make up a PL/SQL program are logi
Comparison Operators Usually, you use the comparison operators in the WHERE clause of a data manipulation statement to form the predicates, that compare one expression to anot
Using the Collection Methods The collection methods below help to generalize the code and make collections easier to use and also make your applications easier to maintain:
Updating Variables For assignment, SQL uses the key word SET, as in SET X = X + 1 (read as "set X equal to X+1") rather than X: = X + 1 as found in many computer languages.
Object Type: The object type is a user-defined composite datatype which encapsulates a data structure along with the functions and procedures required to manipulate the data
Initializing Records The illustration below shows that you can initialize a record in its type definition. Whenever you declare a record of the type TimeRec, its 3 fields supp
Main features of PL/SQL A good way to get familiar with PL/SQL is to look at a sample program. The below program processes an order for tennis rackets. At first, it declares a
DBMS_PIPE: The Package DBMS_PIPE allows various sessions to communicate over the named pipes. (A pipe is a region of memory used by one of the process to pass information to
Product-specific Packages The Oracle and different Oracle tools are supplied with the product-specific packages which help you to build the PL/SQL-based applications. For illu
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