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IN OperatorThe operator IN tests the set membership. This means "equal to any member of." The set may have nulls, but they are ignored. For illustration, the statement below does not delete the rows in which the ename column is null:DELETE FROM emp WHERE ename IN (NULL, ’KING’, ’FORD’);Moreover, the expressions of the formvalue NOT IN setyield FALSE when the set contains a null. For illustration, instead of deleting the rows in which the ename column is not null and not ’KING’, the statement below deletes no rows:DELETE FROM emp WHERE ename NOT IN (NULL, ’KING’);Concatenation OperatorThe Double vertical bars (||) serve as the concatenation operator that appends one string to another. For illustration, the expression’suit’ || ’case’returns the value as shown below:’suitcase’If both the operands have datatype CHAR, the concatenation operator returns a CHAR value. Or else, it returns a VARCHAR2 value.
Recursion versus Iteration Dissimilar the iteration, recursion is not crucial to PL/SQL programming. Any problem which can be solved using recursion can be solving using the it
DELETE Command - SQL Loosely speaking, DELETE removes some existing rows from its target table. Suppose the university decides that course C3 is to be withdrawn. Example shows
The Package Specification The package specifications contain the public declarations. The scopes of these declarations are local to your database representation and global to t
How Exceptions Propagate ? Whenever an exception is raised, and if the PL/SQL cannot find a handler for it in the present subprogram or block, the exception propagates. That is
Row Counterparts of Table Operators SQL does not have counterparts tuple rename, tuple projection, tuple extension, tuple join and tuple compose. To obtain the same effects as
Using the Collection Methods The collection methods below help to generalize the code and make collections easier to use and also make your applications easier to maintain:
Use Bulk Binds If SQL statements execute inside a loop using the collection elements as bind variables, context switching between the PL/SQL & SQL engines can slow down the ex
Passing Cursor Parameters You use the OPEN statement to pass the parameters to a cursor. Unless you want to accept the default values, each proper parameter in the cursor decl
Natural Join - SQL In the absence of NATURAL JOIN Example has to be replaced by something rather more longwinded, as shown in Example. Example: Joining IS_CALLED and IS_EN
Object Types An object type is a user-defined complex datatype which encapsulates the data structure along with the functions and procedures required to manipulate the data. Th
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