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IN OperatorThe operator IN tests the set membership. This means "equal to any member of." The set may have nulls, but they are ignored. For illustration, the statement below does not delete the rows in which the ename column is null:DELETE FROM emp WHERE ename IN (NULL, ’KING’, ’FORD’);Moreover, the expressions of the formvalue NOT IN setyield FALSE when the set contains a null. For illustration, instead of deleting the rows in which the ename column is not null and not ’KING’, the statement below deletes no rows:DELETE FROM emp WHERE ename NOT IN (NULL, ’KING’);Concatenation OperatorThe Double vertical bars (||) serve as the concatenation operator that appends one string to another. For illustration, the expression’suit’ || ’case’returns the value as shown below:’suitcase’If both the operands have datatype CHAR, the concatenation operator returns a CHAR value. Or else, it returns a VARCHAR2 value.
%NOTFOUND The %NOTFOUND is the logical opposite of the %FOUND. The %NOTFOUND yields TRUE when an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement affected no rows, or the SELECT INTO state
Many of the reports generated from the system calculate the total dollars in a shopper''s purchases. Follow these steps to create a function named TOT_PURCH_SF that accepts a shopp
%ISOPEN The Oracle closes the SQL cursor automatically after executing its related SQL statement. As a result, the %ISOPEN forever yields FALSE.
Example of Alternative formulation as a table constraint Example: Alternative formulation as a table constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Must_be_enrolled_to_
Special cases of projection This section describes the identity projection, r {ALL BUT}, and the projection on no attributes, r { }, which yields TABLE_DUM when r is empty, ot
Usefulness of Data Type In SQL, as in most computer languages, a type can be used for constraining the values that are permitted to be used for some purpose. In particular, i
write the program for traffic control system with 10 second, 15 secod, and 20 second delay
Iteration Schemes The bounds of a loop range can be variables, literals, variables, or expressions but must compute to integers. Below are some of the examples. As you can see t
Using COUNT The COUNT returns the number of elements that a collection presently contains. For instance, when a varray projects contains 15 elements, then the following IF con
Relational Algebra - SQL It describes some operators, that together constitute an algebra that is not only relationally complete but also irreducibly so (very nearly- apart f
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