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IN OperatorThe operator IN tests the set membership. This means "equal to any member of." The set may have nulls, but they are ignored. For illustration, the statement below does not delete the rows in which the ename column is null:DELETE FROM emp WHERE ename IN (NULL, ’KING’, ’FORD’);Moreover, the expressions of the formvalue NOT IN setyield FALSE when the set contains a null. For illustration, instead of deleting the rows in which the ename column is not null and not ’KING’, the statement below deletes no rows:DELETE FROM emp WHERE ename NOT IN (NULL, ’KING’);Concatenation OperatorThe Double vertical bars (||) serve as the concatenation operator that appends one string to another. For illustration, the expression’suit’ || ’case’returns the value as shown below:’suitcase’If both the operands have datatype CHAR, the concatenation operator returns a CHAR value. Or else, it returns a VARCHAR2 value.
DECLARE : This keyword signals the beginning of the declarative section of the PL/SQL block, that contains local declarations. The Items declared locally exist only within the
Initializing Objects: Till you initialize an object by calling the constructor for its object type, the object is automatically null. That is, the object itself is null, not me
Using LIMIT For nested tables, that have no maximum size, the LIMIT returns NULL. For varrays, the LIMIT returns the maximum number of elements that a varray can have (that yo
Data Types in SQL - XML, Array, Row BINARY LARGE OBJECT for arbitrarily large bit strings. XML for XML documents and fragments. ARRAY types for arrays.
Example of COALESCE operator Example: Give the total of marks for each exam (simplified solution) SELECT CourseId, COALESCE ((SELECT SUM (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK AS EM
Advantages of PL/SQL The PL/SQL is a high-performance transaction processing, completely portable language that offers the following advantages as shown: 1) Support for SQL
Row Operators The Row operators return or reference the particular rows. ALL retains the duplicate rows in the result of a query or in an aggregate expression. The DISTINCT el
Manipulating Objects: You can use an object type in the CREATE TABLE statement to indicate the datatype of a column. When the table is created once, you can use the SQL statem
Using FIRST and LAST FIRST and LAST return the first and last (minimum and maximum) index numbers in a collection. When the collection is empty, the FIRST and LAST return NULL
Effects of NULL in Aggregate Operator - SQL Let aggop(x) be an invocation of some aggregate operator aggop in SQL, where x is an expression (usually an open expression) to be
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