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Q. Illustrates typical thermal noise waveform?
In general, any physical resistor or lossy device can be modeled by a noise source in series with a noiseless resistor, as shown in Figure. The noise source is usually characterized as a sample function of a random process. Since random processes involving probability and random variables are outside the scope of this text, we will resort to simpler explanations. Figure (a) illustrates a typical thermal noise waveform n(t). In view of the unpredictable behavior, since the average value of n(t) may be equal to zero, a more useful quantity is the rms value nrms so that the average noise power is given by
N = n2rms/R, if nrms is noise voltage
or
N = n2rmsR, if nrms is noise current
The spectrumof thermal noise power is uniformly spread over frequency up to the infrared region around 1012 Hz, as shown in Figure (b). Such a distribution indicates that n(t) contains all electrical frequencies in equal proportion, and an equal number of electrons is vibrating at every frequency. By analogy to white light, which contains all visible frequencies in equal proportion, thermal noise is also referred to as white noise.
a 400V 4-pole DC generator takes an armature current of 50A when rotating at 626 rpm. the armature circuit resistance is 0,25ohms. determine the generated emf. DOC
(a) Show the equivalent NOR realizations of the basic NOT, OR, and AND gates. (b) Show the equivalent NAND realization of the basic NOT, AND, and OR gates.
List three characteristics of lines of magnetic flux
Q. For themagnetic circuit shown in Figure, neglecting leakage and fringing, determine the mmf of the exciting coil required to produce a flux density of 1.6 T in the air gap. Them
Semiconductor in Equilibrium Equilibrium in semiconductors implies the following: (i) Steady state: ∂Z / ∂t = 0 In which Z is any physical quantity like charge, volt
short note on armature reaction
Explain in detail the operation of 8255 in mode1 taking suitable example. In mode1, Ports A and B are programmed as input or output ports and Port C is used for handshaking.
Calculate power delivered to the network: 1. A wave is traveling from left to right, emerging from Z g =50 with a peak amplitude of V p =5V. The 1-port network [S] has in=0.5-
Q. What is centralized SPC? In centralized control, all control equipment is replaced by a single processor which should be quite powerful. It should be capable of processing 1
Suppose we have a coil wound onto a ring of material with relative permeability µ r . Provided that the relative permeability µ r >> 1, then the magnetic flux lines will s
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