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Q. Illustrate the Operating Leverage?
Operating Leverage: - The operating leverage perhaps defined as the tendency of the operating profit to differ disproportional with sales. It is said to survive when a firm has to pay fixed cost regardless of volume of output or sales. The firm is supposed to have a high degree of operating leverage if it employs a greater amount of fixed cost and a smaller amount of variable cost. Alternatively a firm will have a low operating leverage when it employs a greater amount of variable cost as well as a smaller amount of fixed cost. Therefore the degree of operating leverage depends upon the amount of fixed element in the cost structure.
Operating leverage in the company is a function of three factors:-
(a) The amount of fixed cost
(b) The contribution margin
(c) The volume of sales
Formulae:-
Operating leverage = Contribution / Operating profit or C/OP
Utility: - The operating leverage point outs the impact of change in sales on operating income. If a firm has a elevated degree of operating leverage small changes in sales will have large effect on operating income. Alternatively the operating profit (EBIT) of such firm will rise at a faster rate than the increase in sales.
Likewise the operating profit of such a firm will suffer a great loss as compared to reduction in its sales.
Q. Explain Compound Value of an Annuity? Compound Value of an Annuity: - Annuity demotes to the periodic flows of equal amounts. FV = A {(1+i)n - 1}/i Instance: - Mr. X i
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