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Q. Illustrate Frequency-shift keying?
Digital transmission by FSK is a nonlinear modulation method that is appropriate for channels that lack the phase stability needed to perform carrier-phase estimation. Figure shows the functions of a coherent FSK system in which the transmitted signal sFSK(t) is generated by frequency modulation of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The digital signal d(t) has a polar format with amplitudes ±1, corresponding to binary digits 1 and 0, respectively.Modulation keys the VCO's angular frequency between two values, such that
where ω is the frequency deviation from a nominal or carrier angular frequency ωc. In order to conserve the bandwidth in the signal sFSK(t), ω is usually selected not much larger than the minimum allowable value given by
When Equation is satisfied, the bandwidth of the channel needed to support sFSK(t)is about 2ωb rad/s. The transmitted signal in Figure can be seen to be two unipolar ASK signals in parallel, one at carrier frequency ω2 and the other at ω1. The receiver then becomes two coherent ASK receivers in parallel.
The noncoherent FSK version results when each product device and the following integrator in the receiver are replaced by a corresponding matched filter followed by an envelope detector.
Find the resistance of 800 m of copper cable of cross-sectional area 20 mm . Take the resistivity of copper as 0.02 Ωm.
Semiconductor in Equilibrium Equilibrium in semiconductors implies the following: (i) Steady state: ∂Z / ∂t = 0 In which Z is any physical quantity like charge, volt
Q. Determine the Thevenin resistance viewed from terminals A-B of the circuit of Figure by setting independent sources to be zero and applying a test voltage at terminals A-B.
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1) Draw the state diagram for the state machine described by Table 7.5 in the text. Note, the table shows the transition to the next state S* from the current state S for the next
circuit used in window air conditioning
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The coursework requires you to work in pairs to write a Java application that will take a numerical representation of a MIPS program and simulate its execution. MIPS is a Load-S
Memory map of tpa in a personal computer and explain such of the areas in brief
Software Defined Radio (SDR) is an advanced radio technology in which flexibility is achieved in using radio functions such as modulation and demodulation of radio signals are carr
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