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Q. Illustrate Frequency-shift keying?
Digital transmission by FSK is a nonlinear modulation method that is appropriate for channels that lack the phase stability needed to perform carrier-phase estimation. Figure shows the functions of a coherent FSK system in which the transmitted signal sFSK(t) is generated by frequency modulation of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The digital signal d(t) has a polar format with amplitudes ±1, corresponding to binary digits 1 and 0, respectively.Modulation keys the VCO's angular frequency between two values, such that
where ω is the frequency deviation from a nominal or carrier angular frequency ωc. In order to conserve the bandwidth in the signal sFSK(t), ω is usually selected not much larger than the minimum allowable value given by
When Equation is satisfied, the bandwidth of the channel needed to support sFSK(t)is about 2ωb rad/s. The transmitted signal in Figure can be seen to be two unipolar ASK signals in parallel, one at carrier frequency ω2 and the other at ω1. The receiver then becomes two coherent ASK receivers in parallel.
The noncoherent FSK version results when each product device and the following integrator in the receiver are replaced by a corresponding matched filter followed by an envelope detector.
Q. Illustrate Transformer coupling? In this method the primary winding of the transformer acts as a collector load and the secondary winding transfers the a.c. output signal di
N-type semiconductor is an example of (A) Extrinsic semiconductor. (B) Intrinsic semiconductor. (C) Super conductor. (D) Insulators.
RAL Rotate Accumulator Left Through Carry Instruction This instruction rotates the content of the accumulator towards left by one bit. The D 0 bit moves to D 1 bit moves
Q. What do you mean by Mantissa? The mantissa , as well known as the significand , represents the precision bits of the number. It is composed of an implied leading bit and t
This example is concerned with steady-state sinusoidal analysis by using mesh equations and MATLAB. Let us consider the circuit shown in Figure and find the input impedance at the
Define Johnson Counters to Produce a Time Delay? The "serial in-serial out" shift register can be used as a time delay device. The amount of delay able to be controlled by:
Q. It is desired to have a sag or tilt of no more than 10% when a 50Hz square wave is impressed on an amplifier stage. The output circuit resistance is Rv=1K. What minimum value of
Connect the TTL output (square wave) of the "Audio Oscillator" to the "Scope Selector". Adjust the frequency of the square wave to 2 kHz. Observe and record the time domain pict
A 3-phase, wye-connected, 11.8 kV, 100 MVA turbo- generator of 0.8 power factor lagging has a synchronous reactance of 2.0 p.u. on rating. The generator is driven by a steam turbin
A communication system for a voice-band (3 kHz) channel is designed for a received SNR E b /N 0 at the detector of 30 dB when the transmitter power is Ps =-3 dBW. Find the value o
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