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Q. Illustrate about Sterilization protocol?
Sterilization protocol includes proper transportation and cleaning of instruments followed by their packing. Items can be sterilized using modalities like dry heat such as flaming, or moist heat like pasteurization, boiling though highly unreliable as a sterilization technique and more effective for disinfection, it is used very often. Autoclave means self locking and is used to denote an apparatus that sterilizes by use of steam under pressure. It operates on same principle as pressure cookers. Radiation is cold sterilization with no heat involved; non ionising radiation include infrared and UV rays. Lethal effect is through generation of heat and DNA damage. Penetration is low but efficacy is high. By chemicals such as alcohols: ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol; aldehydes: formaldehyde: widely employed for the fumigation of operation theatres. Gutaraldehyde: commercial preparations are active at different pH and have percentage of 2-3.2. They can destroy microbes in 10 hours. Gases: ethylene oxide. The choice of opting for a particular mode of sterilization depends on the physical and chemical properties of the items to be sterilized. Proper sterilization needs to be coupled with aseptic storage envoirnment.
Second part of infection control includes operatory room protocol which starts with preparation of operatory followed by preparation of patient and the operator. For the operator use of personal protective equipment (PPE) - clothing, masks, eyewear, and gloves and Hand washing is considered important measures to reduce the risk of transmitting organisms to patients and HCWs (health care workers). The purpose of washing is twofold: to reduce the both transient and resident flora for the duration of a procedure to protect the operator in the event that there is non-intact skin on the hand, thereby accomplishing the aim of maintaining the "chain of asepsis".
4 Put the following events in the most probable order. (a) Predatory birds poisoned by insecticide. (b) Trees sprayed with insecticide. (c) Earthworms eat leaves which f
Counselling a diabetic patient and their family members is very important as patient has to modify the life style and diet and needs family support. Therefore it is important for y
a) Describe the electron transport system. Where does it happen in a mitochondrion and what is the role of oxygen in it ? b) Explain the events that happen in the human heart du
(1) The 7,893 bp plasmid shown below was digested with a series of restriction enzymes (P = PstI, B = BamHI, S = SalI, X = XbaI). Answer the questions below. a) Indicate
State the term - Neuropsychological Examination For a neuropsychological examination a battery of tests administered should include, at a minimum: Intelligence Tests
There is no splitting of the centromere. The kinetochore fibers contract and the spindle or pole fibers elongate , As a result homologous chromosomes of each pair rather than
Q. Illustrate Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract? A host of disorders associated with a part or entire of the gastrointestinal tract. The important and the most frequent o
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Immunogenicity The safety and immunogenicity of the new vaccine was evaluated in two unpublished studies that are summarized in the package insert. Among 1280 adults (18-55 ye
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