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III rd Generation Microprocessor:
The single 3rd generation microprocessor chip having 64-pins began with the introduction of 16-bit Intel 8086 in 1978. The other essential IIIrd generation microprocessors were, Motorola M68000, Zilog Z-8000, Texas Instruments TMS 99000, and National NS16016series etc. The 16-bit microprocessor by using HMOS technology gain better performance parameters w.r.t. the 8-bit microprocessors. In addition to better performance, it has multiply/divide arithmetic hardware. The memory addressing capabilities were increased for example IM Byte to 16 Mbyte through a variety of powerful and flexible addressing modes.
Intel 8088 was identical to 8086 but for the 8-bit data bus. So 8088 could read orwrite8-bits data at a time to or from the memory. The Intel 80186 and 80188 were the enhanced versions of Intel 8086 and 8088, respectively. In addition to 16-bit CPU, 80188 and the 80186 had programmable peripheral devices integrated on the similar package. The program written for 80186 and 80188 cannot work well on 8088 and 8086, but those written for 8088 and 8086 worked without many difficulties on 80188 and 80186. This means they were upward compatible with 8088 and 8086. The Intel 80286 was the advanced version of 80186. It is designed for use in multi-user/ multitasking environment.
CISC Characteristics : The design of an instruction set for a computer might take into consideration not only machine language constraints, but also the requirements i
Memory Segmentation : The memory in an 8086/8088 based system is organized as segmented memory. In this scheme, the whole physically available memory can be divided into a n
Program : Write a program to perform a one byte BCD addition. Solution : It is consider that the operands are in BCD form, but the CPU considers it as hexadecimal and acco
64-bit integer calculator, which processes using 16-bits at a time (reg/mem16 operands)
Write a program to solve problem 9, Summation Program, on page 179 of chapter 5 in the textbook (book:kip Irvine Assembly Language sixth edition)
END : END of Program:- The END directive marks the ending of the assembly language program. When the assembler comes across this END directive, it avoided the source lines avai
Cache controller The cache controller is the mind of the cache. Its responsibilities include: performing the snarfs and snoops, updating the TRAM and SRAM and implementing
Display control 8279 provides a 16 byte display memory and refresh logic. Every address in the display memory corresponds to a display unit with address zero represen
The addressing modes for the sequential control transfer instructions are described below: 1. Immediate: Immediate data is a part of instruction,in this type of addressin
Program is written but has errors returning values from the procedure.
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