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Log based recovery: Let us first describe the term transaction log in the context of DBMS. A transaction log is a record in DBMS that remains track of all the transactions of a dat
Benefits of heap files 1. This is a easy file Organisation method. 2. Insertion is somehow capable. 3. Good for bulk-loading data into a table. 4. Best if file
Timestamps For Read operations: If TS (T) If TS (T) >= W-timestamp (Q), then the transaction T is trying to read a value of data item Q which has been written and committed
Describe file organisation? A file is organized logically as a sequence of records. These records are mapped onto disk blocks. A) Fixed-Length Records Type deposit=record
These permit the user to unload a database or parts of a database and reload the data on the similar machine, or on another machine in a dissimilar location. This can be useful in
Mention the various user privileges All privileges directly granted to the user or role. All privileges granted to roles that have been granted to the user or role.
What is Cardinality Ratio? Cardinality Ratios - The cardinality ratios for relationship kinds specifies the maximum number of relationship instances in which an entity can pa
Define single valued and multivalued attributes. Single valued attributes: attributes with a single value for a particular entity are known as single valued attributes. Mult
Why 'AS' clause is used in SQL ? 'As' clause is used for Rename operation. ‘AS' clause is used in SQL for rename operation. (e.g., SELECT ENO AS EMPLOYEE_NO FROM EMP)
Give an example of enforcement in Typing. You can understand the idea of enforcement as it makes sure objects of dissimilar classes may not be interchanged as below: Exampl
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