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Q. How to Investigate mitral stenosis by Electrocardiogram?
Electrocardiographic changes are not specific for mitral stenosis and are never diagnostic for any valvular heart disease. They essentially reflect pathophysiological changes. Left atrial enlargement seen in more than 90 per cent of patients is reflected as increase in p-wave duration (>120 m sec.) in lead II or P mitrale. The p-wave axis is between + 45 to - 30 degrees. QRS axis correlates well with the severity of the mitral stenosis and degree of pulmonary hypertension. In pure or predominant mitral stenosis, QRS axis less than 60 degrees suggests a valve area more than 1.3 sq. cm., while a an axis more than that would indicate a valve area less than 1.3 sq. cm., right axis deviation also correlates with the degree of pulmonary hypertension. Absence of right axis deviation in the presence of features of pulmonary hypertension should suggest other associated valvular lesions causing left ventricular hypertrophy. Evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy in the form of R/S ratio more than 1 in lead V1 and poor progression of R-wave height in precordial leads also correlate well with the degree of right ventricular systolic pressure. Atrial fibrillation is common rhythm in patients with mitral stenosis and indicates a large left atrium.
What is an Erlenmeyer flask and how is it used? It is same to a beaker, except that it gets narrower at the top. It is use to hold liquids and do reactions in it.
Prevention of perinatal transmission Zidovudine alone, started at 14-34 weeks of gestation and continued in the infant for the first 6 weeks of life, reduced HIV transmission
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The genotype of individual is EeFfGgHh, while hte genotype of individual #2 is EeFfggHH. A cross is performed between individual 1 and 2. What is the propability of producing the f
Explain Fluids Fluids: Fluid diets are given to patients with more advanced dysphasia or fractured jaws. The diet may include fruit juices, thin strained porridge with milk, e
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What is the law of limiting factors? How would the rate of photosynthesis be affected if the soil water becomes limiting? Describe.
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