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How different are the actions of antibodies against bacteria and against virus? Why is the cellular immune response activated in case of chronic viral infection?
The antibodies of the humoral immune system act against extracellular agents, such as toxins or bacteria, but they are not active in the intracellular space and they cannot fight virus efficiently.
In case of viral infection (and also of cancerous or precancerous cells) the immune attack is made by the cellular immune system, mediated by T and NK (natural killers) lymphocytes that destroy exact cells and virus.
Altitudinal Variations We know that temperature decreases with increasing altitude. This is mainly due to convection currents in the troposphere - the lowermost (and most dense
What is a graduated cylinder and how is it used? A graduated cylinder is a piece of laboratory glassware used to accurately calculate out volumes of chemicals for use in reacti
Food Habits Food Habits: These must be known so that the diets can be recommended keeping in mind the food preferences of the patient. Whether a person is a vegetarian
Drug Intolerance For patients who cannot tolerate rifampin, alternative regimens include 9-12 months of isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide, with or without a fluoroquinolo
How Can Total Count Can Be Obtained? Total count can be obtained microscopically by using fluorescent dyes such as acridine orange or DNA stain DAPI. The counts obtained micros
Classification of Viruses No evolutionary or phylogenetic exist between viruses. A nature system of classification cannot, therefore, be devised for viruses. Holmes (1948)
To show the direction of sprout growth in seeds Soak pumpkin or other large seeds overnight and fasten three of them on needles as shown in the diagram. Fasten single with the
Determination of Limb Polarities The limb pattern is characterized by three axes (or polarities) as displayed in diagram: (1) The direction from the shoulder (or hip) to t
Explain the Food Security? You were introduced to the concept of food security in Unit 2. Food security, we learnt, is access by all people at all times to enough food for an a
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