Q. How can we minimize problems occurring because of the branch instructions?

We may use various mechanisms which may minimize the effect of branch penalty.

• To keep multiple streams in pipeline in the case of branch
• Pre-fetching the subsequent as well as instruction to which branch is to take place
• A loop buffer can be used to store instructions of a loop instruction
• Predicting whether the branch will occur or not and acting accordingly
• Delaying the pipeline fill up until branch decision is taken.