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Examples:-
Hierarchical Model: It tells data as and relationships by hierarchy of data values. Figure illustrates an example of hierarchical model. Now a day's these models are not used in commercial DBMS products.
Figure: An example of Network Model
Figure: An example of Hierarchical Model
Mappings between Levels and Data Independence The 3 levels of abstraction in the database do not exist separately of each other. There must be some correspondence, or mapping
Object-based Models: Use objects as key data representation components . Examples:- Entity-Relationship Model: It is a collection of real world objects known as entitie
The primary key is selected from the
Discuss deferred update technique of recovery. What are the advantages? Ans: The deferred update methods do not physically update the database on disk till after a transact
Dependency Preservation It is obvious that the decomposition must be lossless so that we do not lose any information from the relation that is decomposed. Dependency preservati
Define Radix conversion method One clever way to transform binary numbers to BCD notation (binary-coded decimal) is the "double dabble algorithm". It can be adapted to transfo
How external/conceptual mapping and conceptual /internal mapping is performed
The technique of converting the state diagram to code a) Identify all major control paths. Start from initial state; choose a path across the diagram that corresponds to normal
Redo Logs: Any database must have minimum two redo logs. These are the rules for the database; the redo logs record all modifies to the system objects or user objects. If any type
What will be create when a primary key if combined with a foreign key? A primary key if combined with a foreign key it creates Parent-Child relationship between the tables that
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