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Heap files (unordered file)
Mostly these files are unordered files. It is the easiest and most basic type. These files having of randomly ordered records. The records will have no exacting order. The operations we can do on the records are retrieve, insert and delete. The types of the heap file or the pile file Organisation are:
What is Cardinality Ratio? Cardinality Ratios - The cardinality ratios for relationship kinds specifies the maximum number of relationship instances in which an entity can pa
Problem: (a) Given the following relation: Stats(Name,Sex,Children, Occupation, Salary, Tax, Audits) Write SQL code to define the following security constraints: (i) User
Locks: Serialisabilty is just a test whether a given interleaved schedule is ok or has a concurrency related trouble. Though, it does not make sure that the interleaved concurrent
Draw an Entity-Relationship model for the relational schema given in the Appendix. Show all the entities, relationships, relationship names, and attributes and also underline the
What is a data dictionary? A data dictionary is a data structure which keeps Meta data about the structure of the database i.e. the schema of the database.
What is meant by normalization of data? It is a process of examining the given relation schemas based on their Functional Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the prop
If R1 and R2 are two union compatible relations or functions, then the result of R3 = R1 ∩R2 is the relation that contains all tuples that are in both the relations In other words,
Unrepeatable reads : Assume T7 reads X twice during its implementation. If it did not update X itself it could be very disturbing to see a dissimilar value of X in its next read. B
Saving Derived Attributes to Avoid Re-computation Data that is derived from other data should be stored in the computed form to avoid re-computation. For this, we could define
Implementing software control To implement software control designer must redesign strategy of state event model which is present in dynamic model. There are three basic ap
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