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Hardware failure: Hardware failures are the failures when some disk or hardware chip fails. This may result in loss of data. One such trouble can be that a disk gets damaged and cannot be read any more. This may be because of many reasons. For instance, a voltage fluctuation in the power supply to the computer makes it go off or some bad sectors may arrive on disk or there is a disk crash.
In all these situations, the database gets into an inconsistent state.
Explain Foreign Key? Foreign Key - Let there are two relations (tables) R and S. Any candidate key of the relation R that is referred within the relation S is known as the fo
Compare the Nested-loop join and block-nested loop join Ans: Nested loop join - It is costly as worst case cost, no. of block accesses needed is n r * b s + b r where b
Dependency Preservation It is obvious that the decomposition must be lossless so that we do not lose any information from the relation that is decomposed. Dependency preservati
Define data conversion? Helpful to load data into temporary staging tables. Then can write SQL code to do much of data processing. SQL code is simpler and faster to write than
What is Explicit update In explicit update, each derived attribute is defined with respect to one, or more fundamental base object(s). The object designer determines that de
External failure : A failure can also result because of an external cause, such as earthquakes, fire, floods, etc. The database must be duly backed up to avoid troubles occurring d
What is Nested Trigger? A trigger can also having INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE logic within itself, so when the trigger is fired because of data modification it can also cause ano
What is completeness constraint on generalization? Define the variation between total and partial design constraint. Give an example each. Ans: Completeness Constraints
what is correlation in nested query
Heap files (unordered file) Mostly these files are unordered files. It is the easiest and most basic type. These files having of randomly ordered records. The records will have
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