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Hardware failure: Hardware failures are the failures when some disk or hardware chip fails. This may result in loss of data. One such trouble can be that a disk gets damaged and cannot be read any more. This may be because of many reasons. For instance, a voltage fluctuation in the power supply to the computer makes it go off or some bad sectors may arrive on disk or there is a disk crash.
In all these situations, the database gets into an inconsistent state.
Explain mechanism of nested queries? SQL gives a mechanism for nesting subqueries. A subquery is a select from where expression that is nested within one more query. A common u
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Define and differentiate between ordered indexing and hashing. Ans: Ordered indexing: To gain fast random access to records in a file, we can make of an index structure. Every
(a) Why did SAP introduce the extended star schema?
When every condition appears with equality condition (=) only. c) Natural join (denoted by R*S) When two join attributes have the similar name in both relations. (Tha
Limitations of File Based System The file-based system has some limitations. The limitations are listed as follows: Isolation and separation of data: When the data is
Data Redundancy -A lot of information is being repeated in the relation. For instance, the information that MCS-014 is named SSAD is repetitive, address of Rahul is "D- 27, Main ro
What are the disadvantages of file-processing system? Ans: The Disadvantages of File-Processing System a. Data redundancy and inconsistency - Data redundancy means not nece
What are composite objects? Objects that have other objects are known as complex objects or composite objects.
What are the two types of blocks in the fixed -length representation? Define them. Anchor block: Have the first record of a chain. Overflow block: Have the records other tha
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