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Hardware failure: Hardware failures are the failures when some disk or hardware chip fails. This may result in loss of data. One such trouble can be that a disk gets damaged and cannot be read any more. This may be because of many reasons. For instance, a voltage fluctuation in the power supply to the computer makes it go off or some bad sectors may arrive on disk or there is a disk crash.
In all these situations, the database gets into an inconsistent state.
Components of database manager The above functions are reached by the database manager. The major elements of a database manager are: Authorisation control: This mod
Explain the structure of well formed formulae in relational calculus. Ans: a. An atom is a formula b. If P1 is a formula, after that so are ¬P1 and (P1) c. If P1 and P2 a
Write short note on Data models? Data models: A data model is an abstract model which elaborates how data is represented and accessed. The term data model has two commonly ac
Q. With the help of a suitable diagram gives module wise explanation of system architecture of DBMS. Sol. A Database management is a collection of interrelated data and col
Synonyms It allows short names or alternative names for objects. Example : CREATE SYNONYM D30 FOR EMPD30; Now if we give command:
explain participation constraints with examples
Briefly describe concurrency execution? Lock - based protocols Locks There are several modes in which a data item may be locked in this section we restrict our attention
What disadvantage of ODBC does OLE DB overcome? By breaking the features and the methods of a DBMS into COM objects, OLE DB characteristic overcomes a main disadvantage of ODBC
recovey techniques based on deferred update and immediate update
.#question. Discuss the problem which may arise during concurrency control and recovery in distributed database which are not encountered in controlized database environment.
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