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GOTO StatementThe GOTO statement branches to a label unconditionally. The label must be exclusive within its scope and should precede an executable statement or a PL/SQL block. If executed, the GOTO statement transfers control to the labeled statement or block. In the following illustration, you go to an executable statement farther down in a series of statements:BEGIN...GOTO insert_row;...<>INSERT INTO emp VALUES...END;In the next illustration, you go to a PL/SQL block farther up in a series of statements:BEGIN...<>BEGINUPDATE emp SET ......END;...GOTO update_row;...END;The label end_loop in the example below is illegal as it does not precede an executable statement:DECLAREdone BOOLEAN;BEGIN...FOR i IN 1..50 LOOPIF done THENGOTO end_loop;END IF;...<> -- illegalEND LOOP; -- not an executable statementEND;To debug the last illustration, now add the NULL statement, as shown:FOR i IN 1..50 LOOPIF done THENGOTO end_loop;END IF;...<>NULL; -- an executable statementEND LOOP;As the following illustration shows, a GOTO statement can branch to an enclosing block from the present block:DECLAREmy_ename CHAR(10);BEGIN<>SELECT ename INTO my_ename FROM emp WHERE...BEGIN...GOTO get_name; -- branch to enclosing blockEND;END;RestrictionsSome likely destinations of a GOTO statement are illegal. Particularly, a GOTO statement cannot branch into an IF statement, LOOP statement, or sub-block. For illustration, the following GOTO statement is illegal:BEGIN...GOTO update_row; -- illegal branch into IF statement...IF valid THEN...<>UPDATE emp SET...END IF;END;A GOTO statement also cannot branch from one IF statement clause to another, as the following illustration shows:BEGIN...IF valid THEN...GOTO update_row; -- illegal branch into ELSE clauseELSE...<>UPDATE emp SET...END IF;END;The next illustration shows that a GOTO statement cannot branch from an enclose block into a sub-block:BEGIN...IF status = ’OBSOLETE’ THENGOTO delete_part; -- illegal branch into sub-blockEND IF;...BEGIN...<>DELETE FROM parts WHERE...END;END;A GOTO statement also cannot branch out of a subprogram, as the following illustration shows:DECLARE...PROCEDURE compute_bonus (emp_id NUMBER) ISBEGIN...GOTO update_row; -- illegal branch out of subprogramEND;BEGIN...<>UPDATE emp SET...END;Finally, the GOTO statement cannot branch from an exception handler into the present block. For illustration, the following GOTO statement is illegal:DECLARE...pe_ratio REAL;BEGIN...SELECT price / NVL(earnings, 0) INTO pe_ratio FROM ...<>INSERT INTO stats VALUES (pe_ratio, ...);EXCEPTIONWHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THENpe_ratio := 0;GOTO insert_row; -- illegal branch into current blockEND;Though, a GOTO statement can branch from an exception handler into the enclosing block.
1. a. Write a trigger that fires when a part's price is updated. The trigger will write a record into a table called PriceUpdates. The record should contain the information of
Updating Tables in SQL The topic of updating by describing the assignment operator, ":=" in Tutorial D. SQL uses a different syntax for assignment, using the key word SET and
Accessing Attributes: You can refer to an attribute only by its name not by its position in the object type. To access or modify the value of an attribute, you can use the dot
%NOTFOUND The %NOTFOUND is the logical opposite of the %FOUND. The %NOTFOUND yields TRUE when an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement affected no rows, or the SELECT INTO state
Parameter and Keyword Description: record_type_name: This identifies the user-defined type specifier that is used in the subsequent declarations of the records. NOT N
Keyword and Parameter Description select_statement: This is a query which returns a result set of the rows. Its syntax is such that of select_ into_statement without the IN
Loop Labels Like the PL/SQL blocks, loops can also be labeled. The label, an undeclared identifier enclosed by double angle brackets, should appear at the beginning of the LOOP
Parameter and Keyword Description: EXIT: An unconditional EXIT statement (i.e., one without a WHEN clause) exits the present loop instantly. The Execution resumes with th
Package Specification The package specifications contain the public declarations. The scopes of these declarations are local to your database representation and global to the
Committing and Rolling Back The COMMIT and ROLLBACK end the active autonomous transaction but do not exit the autonomous routine. As the figure shows, if one transaction ends,
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