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GOTO StatementThe GOTO statement branches to a label unconditionally. The label must be exclusive within its scope and should precede an executable statement or a PL/SQL block. If executed, the GOTO statement transfers control to the labeled statement or block. In the following illustration, you go to an executable statement farther down in a series of statements:BEGIN...GOTO insert_row;...<>INSERT INTO emp VALUES...END;In the next illustration, you go to a PL/SQL block farther up in a series of statements:BEGIN...<>BEGINUPDATE emp SET ......END;...GOTO update_row;...END;The label end_loop in the example below is illegal as it does not precede an executable statement:DECLAREdone BOOLEAN;BEGIN...FOR i IN 1..50 LOOPIF done THENGOTO end_loop;END IF;...<> -- illegalEND LOOP; -- not an executable statementEND;To debug the last illustration, now add the NULL statement, as shown:FOR i IN 1..50 LOOPIF done THENGOTO end_loop;END IF;...<>NULL; -- an executable statementEND LOOP;As the following illustration shows, a GOTO statement can branch to an enclosing block from the present block:DECLAREmy_ename CHAR(10);BEGIN<>SELECT ename INTO my_ename FROM emp WHERE...BEGIN...GOTO get_name; -- branch to enclosing blockEND;END;RestrictionsSome likely destinations of a GOTO statement are illegal. Particularly, a GOTO statement cannot branch into an IF statement, LOOP statement, or sub-block. For illustration, the following GOTO statement is illegal:BEGIN...GOTO update_row; -- illegal branch into IF statement...IF valid THEN...<>UPDATE emp SET...END IF;END;A GOTO statement also cannot branch from one IF statement clause to another, as the following illustration shows:BEGIN...IF valid THEN...GOTO update_row; -- illegal branch into ELSE clauseELSE...<>UPDATE emp SET...END IF;END;The next illustration shows that a GOTO statement cannot branch from an enclose block into a sub-block:BEGIN...IF status = ’OBSOLETE’ THENGOTO delete_part; -- illegal branch into sub-blockEND IF;...BEGIN...<>DELETE FROM parts WHERE...END;END;A GOTO statement also cannot branch out of a subprogram, as the following illustration shows:DECLARE...PROCEDURE compute_bonus (emp_id NUMBER) ISBEGIN...GOTO update_row; -- illegal branch out of subprogramEND;BEGIN...<>UPDATE emp SET...END;Finally, the GOTO statement cannot branch from an exception handler into the present block. For illustration, the following GOTO statement is illegal:DECLARE...pe_ratio REAL;BEGIN...SELECT price / NVL(earnings, 0) INTO pe_ratio FROM ...<>INSERT INTO stats VALUES (pe_ratio, ...);EXCEPTIONWHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THENpe_ratio := 0;GOTO insert_row; -- illegal branch into current blockEND;Though, a GOTO statement can branch from an exception handler into the enclosing block.
What Is a Collection The collection is an ordered group of elements, all of similar type (for e.g. the grades for a class of students). Each element has a unique subscript whic
UNION without CORRESPONDING - SQL The use of UNION without CORRESPONDING. Example is merely by omitting CORRESPONDING, but only because the operands have identical SELECT clau
Truth Tables: However in propositional logic - here we are restricted to expressing sentences and where the propositions are true or false - so we can check where a particular
Functions The function is a subprogram that calculates a value. The Functions and procedures are structured similar, except that the functions have a RETURN clause. You can
Grouping and Ungrouping in SQL Example specifying EXAM_MARK in place of COURSE in the main FROM clause. Example: Obtaining C_ER2 from EXAM_MARK SELECT CourseId, CAST
a. Create a table odetails_new. It has all the attributes of odetails and an additional column called cost, whose values are the product of the quantity and price of the part bein
%ROWCOUNT When its cursor or cursor variable is opened, the %ROWCOUNT is zeroed. Before the first fetch, the %ROWCOUNT yields 0. Afterward, it yields the number of rows fetche
Declaring Subprograms You can declare subprograms in any PL/SQL subprogram, block, or package. But, you should declare subprograms at the end of the declarative part after a
Parameter and Keyword Description: table_reference: This keyword identifies the table or view that should be accessible when you execute the UPDATE statement, and for wh
Restriction in SQL Syntax: SELECT DISTINCT StudentId FROM IS_CALLED WHERE Name = 'Boris' The WHERE clause operates on the result of the FROM clause in analogo
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