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Give the levels of data abstraction?
There are three levels of Data Abstraction
a) Physical level
b) logical level
c) view level
Evaluate: a.When transactions T1 and T2 are in a deadlock, one of the transactions will eventually implement to completion and let the other one continue implementation. b.
Describe Parameteric end users? Parametric end users might be given update access, but are commonly not permitted to change the structure of data.
What is trigger Triggers are statements that are implemented automatically by the system as the side effect of a change to the database.
List the drawbacks of relational database system A) Repetition of data B) Inability to s certain information.
Mention the type of constraints we can specify in the CREATE command of DDL. The type of constraints that can be specified are as follows:- PRIMARY KEY, NOT NULL, UNIQUE, FOR
What is Hierarchical DBMS In HDBMS, data is structured in a tree like manner. There is a parent-child relationship between data items and the data model is very suitable for re
What is the way a particular application views the data from the database that the application uses? Sub schema is the way a particular application views the data from the data
Prove that a relation which is 4NF must be BCNF. Ans Let R be in 4NF. Suppose it is not in BCNF. Hence, there exists an FD X→Y in R such that x is not a super key. Although
Which is a valid SQL type? A valid SQL Should be in CHARACTER it is should be NUMERIC and FLOAT.
Sub query in the UPDATE command : Example : //Double the commission for employees, who have got at least 2 increments. UPDATE EMP SET COMM = COMM * 2 WHERE
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