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Gene or point mutations occur when the DNA sequence of a gene is altered and the new nucleotide sequence is passed on to the offspring. This occurs either due to addition or deletion or substitution of one or a few nucleoticles. Nucleotide substitutions can be either transitions or transversions. Transitions are replacements of a purine by another purine (A by G or vice versa) or a pyrimidiile by another pyrimidine (C by T or vice versa). Transversions are replacements of a purine by the pyrimidine or vice versa (G or A by C or T or vice versa). We will briefly explain the different types of gene mutations.
a) Substitutions : substitution of one base by another would result in an altered amino acid in a polypeptide chain. For instance triplet AAT in DNA (UUA in mRNA) would specify leucine. But if the first A is ieplaced by C, it will code for valine. Some of the codons are degenerate and substitutions may not alter the amino acid specified. For instance, in the triplet AAT if the first A is replaced by G the amino acid coded would still be leucine. Gene mutations which do not normally affect the active site of a protein will not alter its biological functions. But nucleotide substitutions that change a triplet coding lor an amino acid into a termination codon would produce adverse effects. Once again in AAT, if the second A is replaced hy T (An), the resulting rnRNA codon IJAA is a termination codon. When a termination codon is present in the middle of an mRNA molecule the subsequent codons are not translated and an incomplete polypeptide will be released from ribosomes.
Morphogenetic Movements Gastrulation is a dynamic process including a variety of coordinated movements of cells of dissimilar areas of the blastula. The movements of cells in
Q. Meaning of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus? In this type of diabetes, increased blood sugar level is first diagnosed or recognized during pregnancy. Women are not known as dia
Possible mechanisms of increased risk are that hyperhomocystinemia may impair release of nitric oxide form endothelial cells, stimulate proferation of atherogenic smooth muscle cel
Give information as asked about the following mineral nutrients in plants: a. Iron: i. it is a constituent of-, ii. it's one typical deficiency symptom. b. Zinc:
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In a follow up to Alfred Sturtevant's studies on recombination in the fruit fly, Seymour Benzer used complementation studies of bacteriophage mutants to verify where recombination
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Needlestick/sharp instrument injuries are of major concern to health care workers. All of the significant exposures reported in the academic year 2003/04 in our Faculty, were injur
What are the plant hormones? The Plant hormones also called as phytohormones, are the substances that control the embryonic development and the growth of the adult plant.
Endodontics principles and practice According to American association of endodontic, retreatment defined as:A procedure to remove root canal filling materials from the tooth vi
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