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Gene or point mutations occur when the DNA sequence of a gene is altered and the new nucleotide sequence is passed on to the offspring. This occurs either due to addition or deletion or substitution of one or a few nucleoticles. Nucleotide substitutions can be either transitions or transversions. Transitions are replacements of a purine by another purine (A by G or vice versa) or a pyrimidiile by another pyrimidine (C by T or vice versa). Transversions are replacements of a purine by the pyrimidine or vice versa (G or A by C or T or vice versa). We will briefly explain the different types of gene mutations.
a) Substitutions : substitution of one base by another would result in an altered amino acid in a polypeptide chain. For instance triplet AAT in DNA (UUA in mRNA) would specify leucine. But if the first A is ieplaced by C, it will code for valine. Some of the codons are degenerate and substitutions may not alter the amino acid specified. For instance, in the triplet AAT if the first A is replaced by G the amino acid coded would still be leucine. Gene mutations which do not normally affect the active site of a protein will not alter its biological functions. But nucleotide substitutions that change a triplet coding lor an amino acid into a termination codon would produce adverse effects. Once again in AAT, if the second A is replaced hy T (An), the resulting rnRNA codon IJAA is a termination codon. When a termination codon is present in the middle of an mRNA molecule the subsequent codons are not translated and an incomplete polypeptide will be released from ribosomes.
Determine the type of bandage The most common type of bandage is the gauze bandage, a simple woven strip of material which comes in different widths and lengths.
Mature Embryo A typical dicotyledonous embryo, as seen in a median longitudinal section, consists of an embryonal axis having two broad cotyledons. The portion of embryonal ax
what is plasmalemma?
CELL COAT (GLYCOCALYX) Present in Protists and animal cells. Usually made of oligosaccharide side chains of glycolipids and glycoproteins. Cell coat has very charged t
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When a ventricQlar septa1 defect (VSD) is present, with no aortic stenosis, the peak velocitgr across the defect reflects the difference in pressure between the right ventricle an
1. Discuss how nursing has changed over the last two (2) decades. 2. Review and summarise the philosophy of your enrolled nurse course and its relevance to your clinical practic
what is appendages in reptilia
TRANQUILLIZER S - These are the drugs that reduce tension and anxiety, bring calmness without inducing sleep. (i) Phenothiazines - These are anti psychotic drugs.
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