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The dynamic memory allocator is a layer between the application and the OS, managing heap objects. When a program requests memory from the allocator (via malloc(), for instance), the allocator will return a pointer (or reference) to a piece of memory of the appropriate size. When the program is done with the memory, the memory should be released back to the allocator. Languages such as C and C++ leave this job to the programmer to perform manually, for example by using free(). On the other hand, languages such as Java, python, etc automatically manage dynamically-allocated memory, which makes the programmer's life easier, and can eliminate entire classes of memory management bugs.
Although using free() and delete is relatively simple, it can be tricky to get them right. A signi?cant fraction of bugs in C and C++ programs are related to manual memory management. If we forget to free objects, we end up with memory leaks; if we free memory too soon, we end up with "dangling pointers"; also, we can try to do weird things, like performing double frees, etc. Therefore, a process that manages memory automatically is clearly useful. The most important concept for correctly implementing a garbage collector is that of live objects: a live object is any object that can still be reached through one (or more) pointers.
What is co-operating scheduling? CPU scheduling decisions may possibly place under the following four circumstances: 1. When process switches from the running state to
SEGMENTATION In a memory management system that is properly a programmer views a program to be collection of program components called as segments . Every segment is a logical
A friend has promised to log in at a particular time. However, he needs to be contacted as soon as he logs in. The shell script checks after every minute whether he has logged in o
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Identifying parallelism A formal way to identify parallelism in an activity is to draw a task dependence graph in a directed graph in which each vertex represents a task to
What advantages are there to this two-level directory? Users are isolated from each other. Users have more freedom in choosing file names.
Question: Concurrency and Synchronization a) Define the following terms: I. Critical section II. Mutual Exclusion III. Deadlock IV. Starvation. b) Name three methods w
Define semaphore A semaphore is a protected abstract or variable data type that constitutes the classic method for restricting access to shared resources like shared memory in
What is the main function of the memory-management unit? The runtime mapping from virtual to physical addresses is done by a hardware device known as a memory management unit (
Define the Global vs. local variables It is also important to discuss the scope of resources being granted to the application program. Variable scoping is defined as the acces
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