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The dynamic memory allocator is a layer between the application and the OS, managing heap objects. When a program requests memory from the allocator (via malloc(), for instance), the allocator will return a pointer (or reference) to a piece of memory of the appropriate size. When the program is done with the memory, the memory should be released back to the allocator. Languages such as C and C++ leave this job to the programmer to perform manually, for example by using free(). On the other hand, languages such as Java, python, etc automatically manage dynamically-allocated memory, which makes the programmer's life easier, and can eliminate entire classes of memory management bugs.
Although using free() and delete is relatively simple, it can be tricky to get them right. A signi?cant fraction of bugs in C and C++ programs are related to manual memory management. If we forget to free objects, we end up with memory leaks; if we free memory too soon, we end up with "dangling pointers"; also, we can try to do weird things, like performing double frees, etc. Therefore, a process that manages memory automatically is clearly useful. The most important concept for correctly implementing a garbage collector is that of live objects: a live object is any object that can still be reached through one (or more) pointers.
Research the phenomenon of data races. Give an example of how an unprotected data race can give rise to data inconsistency. How do OpenMP and Cilk resolve this problem? Data
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Q. List the four steps that are essential to run a program on a completely dedicated machine. Answer: a) Reserve machine time b) Manually load program into memory c)
A UNIX file system has 1-KB blocks and 4-byte disk addresses. What is the maximum file size if i-nodes contains 10 direct entries, and one single, double, and triple indirect entry
Define UnixWare UnixWare manages resources at the process level. Each resource allocated to the application is actually allocated to the process representing the application. C
What is an operating system process? How is it different from a program? Why do we need the concept of a process, rather than simply talk about programs running in memory? The e
Using pages makes it easier to manage the whole memory, avoiding excessive fragmentation and waste. As an analogy, think of Tetris, but with only square blocks: it is relatively ea
Define the Jobs which are admitted to the system for processing is called The Jobs which are admitted to the system for processing is known as long-term scheduling.
Explain the various page replacement strategies. Page replacement-basic scheme with diagram Optimal page replacement LRU page replacement FIFO page replacement LRU
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