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The dynamic memory allocator is a layer between the application and the OS, managing heap objects. When a program requests memory from the allocator (via malloc(), for instance), the allocator will return a pointer (or reference) to a piece of memory of the appropriate size. When the program is done with the memory, the memory should be released back to the allocator. Languages such as C and C++ leave this job to the programmer to perform manually, for example by using free(). On the other hand, languages such as Java, python, etc automatically manage dynamically-allocated memory, which makes the programmer's life easier, and can eliminate entire classes of memory management bugs.
Although using free() and delete is relatively simple, it can be tricky to get them right. A signi?cant fraction of bugs in C and C++ programs are related to manual memory management. If we forget to free objects, we end up with memory leaks; if we free memory too soon, we end up with "dangling pointers"; also, we can try to do weird things, like performing double frees, etc. Therefore, a process that manages memory automatically is clearly useful. The most important concept for correctly implementing a garbage collector is that of live objects: a live object is any object that can still be reached through one (or more) pointers.
Suppose we want to program a Web server; we could easily do so without using concurrency, as follows: while(true) wait connection read from socket and parse url look up url cont
what is application software?
What are the different methods for handling deadlocks? Deadlock detection and recovery: Permit the system to enter a deadlock state, detect it and after that rec
Linked list allocation: At this time the blocks are stored using linked lists. The block size require not be the same. Thus internal fragmentation is avoided. Consider
Q. Why is it important to scale up system bus and device speeds as the CPU speed increases? Answer: Consider a system which carries out 50% I/O and 50% computes. Doubling-up
Explain the Communications of Request or Response Interface The inter-application communication must provide four specific interface to the CSInterface() components. A client m
Q. Likewise some systems support many types of structures for a file's data while others simply support a stream of bytes. What are the merits in addition to demerits? Answer:
Explain the Fork-join This is primitives in a higher level programming language for implementing interacting processes. The syntax is like this: fork ; join ; where
Is it probable to have a deadlock involving only one single process? Describe your answer. Answer: No This pursue directly from the hold-and-wait condition.
Describe the differences between foreground and background processing. What advantage does background processing provide? 1. Background processes typically run with little or no
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