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From Molecules to the First Cell
The prebiotic conditions on the earth in all probability were volcanic eruptions, lightning and heavy rains. There was no trace of free oxygen or an ozone layer in the atmosphere to absorb ultraviolet radiations from the sun. It is assumed that organic molecules would have originated in such climatic conditions. This is described as their abiotic origin. Laboratory experiments from 1953 onwards prove that organic molecules like amino acids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, lipids and ATP can be formed in similar conditions on the earth. Stan1r.y Miller's experiment described below is one such experiment (Fig. shown below). It is possible that such organic molecules similar to those synthesised in Miller's experiment would have got accumulated at several places in high concentration, giving rise to a kind of liquid soup.
Scientists have three different speculatiohs about the composition of a protobiont. Some consider it'as an aggregate of electrically charged molecules with water around them acting as a boundary and this is called as coacervate model (Fig. shown below). This model was proposed by Alexander Oparin. Sidney Fox proposed another model for protobiont formation called protenoid microsphere model. According to this model when water free mixtures of amino acids are heated at high temperature, they pol.yinerise to form protein-like molecules, called proteinoids. These can persist only if cooled quickly. According to a third model called as the lipid bilayer model of Richard Goldacre, an abiotically synthesised phospholipid bilayer was formed around a central space containing organic molecules. All such models are without any experimental or theoretical evidence. However, the supporters of each model try to explain how some life-processes like osmosis and budding, can be camed out by such protobionts.
What is homogenization Emulsions may also be stabilized by a process known as homogenization, in which the size of the dispersed fat globules is greatly reduced to more or less
Explain some Handy Points related to Infant Feeding? Points to be kept in mind: • Introduce only one food at a time, giving only small amounts at first • Increase variety s
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What are the Materials required for Radiographic 1. Alginate impression material. 2. Silicone separating spray/ petroleum jelly 3. Autopolymerizing PMMA (Clear)
The capacity to do work is known as energy. In an ecosystem energy flows through one organism to another in the form of food. The flow of energy is uni-direction and non cycle and
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