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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
This is extension of the EM algorithm which typically converges more slowly than EM in terms of the iterations but can be much faster in the whole computer time. The general idea o
Categorizing continuous variables : A practice which involves the conversion of the continuous variables into the series of the categories, which is common in the field of medical
Linearity - Reasons for Screening Data Many of the technics of standard statistical analysis are based on the assumption that the relationship, if any, between variables is li
Human height growth curves : The growth of human height is, in common, remarkably regular, apart from the pubertal growth spurt. The satisfactory longitudinal development curve is
Ordinal variable is a measurement which allows a sample of the individuals to be ranked with respect to some characteristic but where differences at different points of the scale
Completeness : A term applied to a statistic t when there is only one function of that the statistic which can have the given expected value. If, for instance, the one function of
The approach of controlling the error rate in an exploratory analysis where number of hypotheses are tested, but where the strict control which is provided by multiple comparison p
Projection pursuit is a procedure for attaning a low-dimensional (usually two-dimensional) representation of the multivariate data, which will be particularly useful in revealing
Multiple comparison tests : Procedures for detailed examination of the differences between a set of means, generally after a general hypothesis that they are all equal has been rej
literature review of latin square design.
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