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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
Mosaic displays is the graphical display of the standardized residuals from the fitting a log-linear model to a contingency table in which the colour and outline of the mosaic's '
A construction for events that happen in some planar area a, consisting of the series of 'territories' each of which comprises of that part of a closer to the particular event xi t
Healthy worker effect : The occurrence whereby employed individuals tend to have lower mortality rates than those who are unemployed. The effect, which can pose the serious problem
Respondent-driven sampling (RDS ): The form of snowball sampling which starts with the recruitment of the small number of people in the target population to serve as the seeds. Aft
Nearest-neighbour methods are the methods of discriminant analysis are based on studying the training set subjects much similar to the subject to be classified. Classification mig
Missing values : The observations missing from the set of data for some of the reason. In longitudinal studies, for instance, they might occur because subjects drop out of the stud
What is statistical inference? Statistical inference can be defined as the method of drawing conclusions from data which are subject to random variations. This is based o
Convex hull trimming : A procedure which can be applied to the set of bivariate data to permit robust estimation of the Pearson's product moment correlation coef?cient. The points
Length-biased data is a data which arise when the probability that an item is sampled is proportional to its own length. A main example of this situation occurs in the renewal the
A theorem which shows that any counting process may be uniquely decomposed as the sum of a martingale and a predictable, right-continous process called the compensator, assuming ce
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