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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
Data theory is anxious with how observations are transformed into data which can be analyzed. Data are thus viewed as the theory laden in the sense that the observations can be giv
#how to analyse data
Leaps-and-bounds algorithm is an algorithm which is used to ?nd the optimal solution in problems which might have a large number of possible solutions. Begins by dividing the poss
Computer-aided diagnosis : The computer programs which are designed to support clinical decision making. In common, such systems are based on the repeated application of the Bay
A manufacturing company has two factories F 1 and F 2 producing a certain commodity that is required at three retail outlets M 1 , M 2 and M 3 . Once produced, the commodity is
Martingale: In the gambling context the term at first referred to a system for recouping losses by doubling the stake after each loss has occured. The modern mathematical concept
It is an informal method of assessing the effect of the publication bias, generally in the context of the meta-analysis. The effect measures from each of the reported study are plo
This term applied in the context of comparing the different methods and techniques of estimating the same parameter; the estimate with the lowest variance being regarded as the mos
Correlation matrix : A square, symmetric matrix with the rows and columns corresponding to the variables, in which the non diagonal elements are correlations between the pairs of t
Indirect least squares: An estimation technique used in the fitting of structural equation models. Commonly least squares are first used to estimate reduced form parameters. Usi
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