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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
Population averaged models are the models for kind of clustered data in which the marginal expectation of response variable is the main focus of interest. An alternative approach
The Null Hypothesis - H0: γ 1 = γ 2 = ... = 0 i.e. there is no heteroscedasticity in the model The Alternative Hypothesis - H1: at least one of the γ i 's are not equal
Omitted covariates is a term generally found in the connection with regression modelling, where the model has been incompletely specified by not including significant covariates.
Catastrophe theory : A theory of how little is the continuous changes in the independent variables which can have unexpected, discontinuous effects on the dependent variables. Exam
A rule for computing the number of classes to use while constructing a histogram and can be given by here n is the sample size and ^ γ is the estimate of kurtosis.
The Null Hypothesis - H0: β0 = 0, H0: β 1 = 0, H0: β 2 = 0, Β i = 0 The Alternative Hypothesis - H1: β0 ≠ 0, H0: β 1 ≠ 0, H0: β 2 ≠ 0, Β i ≠ 0 i =0, 1, 2, 3
Data theory is anxious with how observations are transformed into data which can be analyzed. Data are thus viewed as the theory laden in the sense that the observations can be giv
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Kendall's tau statistics : The measures of the correlation between the two sets of rankings. Kendall's tau itself (τ) is the rank correlation coefficient based on number of inversi
You and your team have been hired as strategic consultants by the hugely successful retailer known as “Cutie Pie”. The company sells many products, although one product in particul
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