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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
Reciprocal transformation is a transformation of the form y =1/x, which is specifically useful for certain types of variables. Resistances, for instance, become conductances, and
Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test The Null Hypothesis - H0: There is no heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1 = 0 The Alternative Hypothesis - H1: There is heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1
Balanced incomplete repeated measures design (BIRMD): An arrangement of the N randomly selected experimental units and k treatments in which each and every unit receives k1 treatm
Collective risk models : The models applied to insurance portfolios which do not create direct reference to the risk characteristics of individual members of the portfolio when des
Lexis diagram is the diagram for displaying the simultaneous effects of the two time scales (generally age and calendar time) on a rate. For instance, mortality rates from cancer
Last observation carried forward is a technique for replacing the observations of the patients who drop out of the clinical trial carried out over a time period. It consists of su
(a) You are trying to develop a strategy for investing in two different stocks, Stock A and Stock B. The anticipated annual return for a $1000 investment in each stock under four
Recursive models are the statistical models in which the causality flows in one direction, that is models which include only unidirectional effects. Such type of models do not inc
Cointegration : The vector of not motionless time sequence is said to be cointegrated if the linear combination of the individual series is stationary. Facilitates suitable testing
moving and semi average method graphical reprsentation
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