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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
An analyst counted 17 A/B runs and 26 time series observations. Do these results suggest that the data are nonrandom? Explain
Data theory is anxious with how observations are transformed into data which can be analyzed. Data are thus viewed as the theory laden in the sense that the observations can be giv
Cauchy integral : The integral of the function, f (x), from a to b are de?ned in terms of the sum In the statistics this leads to the below shown inequality for the expecte
You may have the opportunity to buy some electronic components. These components may be reliable (1) or unreliable (2). The potential pro?ts are £10,000 if the components are rel
what is measures of variability?
Buffon's needle problem : A problem proposed and solved by the scientist Comte de Buffon in 1777 which includes determining the probability, p, which a needle of length l will inte
The Null Hypothesis - H0: There is no heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1 = 0 The Alternative Hypothesis - H1: There is heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1 0 Reject H0 if |t | > t = 1.96
Non-response is the term generally used for the failure to give the relevant information being collected in the survey. Poor response can be because of the variety of causes, for
Longini Koopman model : In epidemiology the model for primary and secondary infection, based on the classification of the extra-binomial variation in an infection rate which might
Incidental parameter problem is a problem which sometimes occurs when the number of parameters increases in the tandem with the number of observations. For instance, models for pa
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