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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
The estimator of the group by the time period interaction in a study in which the subjects in two different groups are observed in two different time periods. Normally one of th
This is extension of the EM algorithm which typically converges more slowly than EM in terms of the iterations but can be much faster in the whole computer time. The general idea o
relevancy of time series in business management
In the experimental studies, the collection of individuals to which the experimental process of interest is not applied. In the observational studies, most often used for a collect
A family of the probability distributions of the form given as here θ is the parameter and a, b, c, d are the known functions. It includes the gamma distribution, normal dis
I do have a data of real gdp for each state and from 2000 to 2010 and I also have estimated population of illigel immigrants for each state from 2000 to 2010. In my thesis I am try
The plot of the number of cases of the disease against the time period. A large and sudden increase corresponds to an epidemic. The example of this is shown in the figure drawn bel
The procedures used for determining how the quality of life is affected by the environment, in particular by factors such as air and solid wastes, water pollution, hazardous substa
Lorenz curve : Essentially the graphical representation of cumulative distribution of the variable, most often used for the income. If the risks of disease are not monotonically in
Confidence interval : A range of the values, calculated from the sample observations which is believed, with the particular probability, to posses the true parameter value. A 95% c
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