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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
how to describe association between quantitative and categorical variables
Graphical deception : Statistical graphics which are not as honest as they should be. It is relatively simple. To mislead the unwary with the graphical material. For instance, c
Multiple comparison tests : Procedures for detailed examination of the differences between a set of means, generally after a general hypothesis that they are all equal has been rej
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The problem that the studies are not uniformly probable to be published in the scientific journals. There is evidence that the statistical significance is a main determining factor
The estimator of the group by the time period interaction in a study in which the subjects in two different groups are observed in two different time periods. Normally one of th
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Group visible design is an arrangement of the v mn treatments in b blocks such that: * Each block comprises k distinct treatments k5v; * Each treatment is replicated r number
Locally weighted regression is the method of regression analysis in which the polynomials of degree one (linear) or two (quadratic) are used to approximate regression function in
Hypergeometric distribution is t he probability distribution related with the sampling without replacement from the population of finite size. If the population comprises of r ele
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