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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
Last observation carried forward is a technique for replacing the observations of the patients who drop out of the clinical trial carried out over a time period. It consists of su
Response feature analysis is the approach to the analysis of longitudinal data including the calculation of the suitable summary measures from the set of repeated measures on each
The contingency tables in which the row and column both the categories follow a natural order. An instance for this might be, drug toxicity ranging from mild to severe, against the
The equation linking the height and weight of the children between the ages of 5 and 13 and given as follows here w is the mean weight in kilograms and h the mean height in
Minimization is the method or technique for allocating patients to the treatments in clinical trials which is usually the acceptable alternative to random allocation. The procedur
methods of determining trend in time series?
Interval-censored observations are the observations which often occur in the context of studies of time elapsed to the particular event when subjects are not monitored regularl
The measure of the degree to which the particular model differs from the saturated model for the data set. Explicitly in terms of the likelihoods of the two models can be defined a
Multiple imputation : The Monte Carlo technique in which missing values in the data set are replaced by m> 1 simulated versions, where m is usually small (say 3-10). Each of simula
Clinical trials : Medical experiments designed to assess which of two or more treatments is much more effective. It is based on one of the oldest philosophy of the scienti?c resear
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