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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
Nested design is the design in which levels of one or more factors are subsampled within one or more other factors such that, for instance, each level of a factor B happens at onl
Initial data analysis (IDA): The first phase in the examination of the data set which comprises number of informal steps including the following steps * checking the quality o
elements , importance, limitation, and theories
Item-total correlation is an extensively used method for checking the homogeneity of the scale made up of number of items. It is simply the Pearson's product moment correlation c
Hamilton County judges try thousands of cases per year. In an overwhelming majority of the cases disposed, the verdict stands as rendered. However, some cases are appeale
Blinding : A procedure used in clinical trials to get rid of the possible bias which might be introduced if the patient and/or the doctor knew which treatment the patient is receiv
This graph for Cross Correlation Function for RES1, RES1 shows that there is possibly negative autocorrelation as there are alternating spikes; also the first spike is negative whi
Recurrence risk : Usually the probability that an individual experiences an event of interest given previous experience(s) of the event; for example, the probability of recurrence
5. Packages from a machine a normally distributed with a mean 200g and its standard deviation 2grams. Find the probability that a package from the machine weighs a) Less than
Higher criticism is a multiple-comparison test concept arising from the situation where there are number of independent tests of significance and interest lies in the rejecting jo
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