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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
This is extension of the EM algorithm which typically converges more slowly than EM in terms of the iterations but can be much faster in the whole computer time. The general idea o
Zero-inflated Poisson regression is the model for count data with the excess zeros. It supposes that with probability p the only possible observation is 0 and with the probabilit
Continuous variable : The measurement which is not restricted to the particular values except in so far as this is constrained by the accuracy of measuring instrument. General exam
Censored observations : An observation xi on some variable of interest is consired to be censored if it is known that xi Li (left-censored)or xi Ui (right-censored) where Li and Ui
Quota sample is the sample in which the units are not selected at the random, but in terms of a particular number of units in each of a number of categories; for instance, 10 men
The method or technique for displaying the relationships between categorical variables in a type of the scatter plot diagram. For two this type of variables displayed in the form o
Formal graphical representation of the "causal diagrams" or the "path diagrams" where the relationships are directed but acyclic (that is no feedback relations allowed). Plays an
Component bar chart : A bar chart which shows the component parts of the aggregate represented by the whole length of the bar. The component parts are shown as the sectors of bar w
The nonparametric Bayesian inference approach to using the finite mixture distributions for modelling data suspected of the containing distinct groups of observations; this approac
What is a Generalized Linear Model? A traditional linear model is of the form where Yi is the response variable for the ith observation, xi is a column vector of explanator
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