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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
The division of a sample of observations into several classes, together with the number of observations in each of them. It acts as a useful summary of the main features of the da
The rapid development or growth of the disease in a community or region. Statistical thinking has made very much significant contributions to the understanding of such type of phen
This process of estimating from a data set those values lying beyond range of the data. In the regression analysis, for instance, a value of the response variable might be estimate
#ques12. There is some evidence that REM sleep, associated with dreaming, may also play a role in learning and memory processing. For example, Smith and Lapp (1991) found increased
This is extension of the EM algorithm which typically converges more slowly than EM in terms of the iterations but can be much faster in the whole computer time. The general idea o
Tracking is the term sometimes used in the discussions of data from the longitudinal study, to describe the ability to predict the subsequent observations from previous values. In
A manufacturing company has two factories F 1 and F 2 producing a certain commodity that is required at three retail outlets M 1 , M 2 and M 3 . Once produced, the commodity is
Hello! I am currently in graduate school earning a masters in mental health counseling. I am in a stats course at current and we are reviewing z-scores. I am a little lost because
Bayesian confidence interval : An interval of the posterior distribution which is so that the density of it at any point inside the interval is greater than that of the density at
Back-projection: A term most often applied to the procedure for reconstructing plausible HIV incidence curves from the AIDS incidence data. The method or technique assumes that th
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