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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
The approach to statistics based on a frequency view of probability in which it is supposed that it is possible to consider an in?nite sequence of the independent repetitions of th
Clustered data : The term applied to both the data in which the sampling units are grouped into the clusters sharing some common feature, for instance families or geographical reg
The theory of measurement which recognizes that in any measurement situation there are multiple (actually infinite) sources of variation (known as facets in the theory), and that a
elements , importance, limitation, and theories
The Current status data arise in the survival analysis if the observations are limited to the indicators of whether or not the event of interest has happened at the time the sample
The division of a sample of observations into several classes, together with the number of observations in each of them. It acts as a useful summary of the main features of the da
A directed graph is simple if each ordered pair of vertices is the head and tail of at most one edge; one loop may be present at each vertex. For each n ≥ 1, prove or disprove the
O. J. Simpson paradox is a term coming from the claim made by the defence lawyer in murder trial of O. J. Simpson. The lawyer acknowledged that the statistics demonstrate that onl
What is statistical inference? Statistical inference can be defined as the method of drawing conclusions from data which are subject to random variations. This is based o
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