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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
The graphical method for studying the behavior of the seasonal time series. In such a plot, the January values of seasonal component are graphed for the upcoming years, then the
It is an informal method of assessing the effect of the publication bias, generally in the context of the meta-analysis. The effect measures from each of the reported study are plo
Auto correlation : The correlation of the internal observations in the time series, generally expressed as a function of the time lag between the observations. It is also used for
Clinical vs. statistical significance : The distinction among results in terms of their possible clinical importance rather than simply in terms of their statistical importance. Wi
1. The production manager of Koulder Refrigerators must decide how many refrigerators to produce in each of the next four months to meet demand at the lowest overall cost. There i
Ordered alternative hypothesis is a hypothesis or assumption which speci?es an order for the set of parameters of interest as an alternative to the equality, rather than simply th
Method of moments is the procedure for estimating the parameters in a model by equating sample moments to the population values. A famous early instance of the use of the proced
The analysis of data which are the functions observed continuously, for instance, functions of time. Basically a collection of statistical techniques or methods for answering quest
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Codominance : The relationship between genotype at the locus and a phenotype to which it in?uences. If an individuals with heterozygote (such as, AB) genotype is phenotypically dif
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