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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
Population pyramid : The diagram designed to show the comparison of the human population by sex and age at a given instant time, consisting of a pair of the histograms, one for eve
It is the multivariate normal random vector which satisfies certain conditional independence suppositions. This can be viewed as a model framework which contains a wide range of st
what are all the organs
A procedure whereby the collection of multiple sample units are combined in their entirety or in part, to form the new sample. One or more succeeding measurements are taken on the
The skewness is a measure of asymmetry and as it is positive at 4.29, it is greater than zero which reveals that the tail extends to the right indicating the distribution to be mor
A two-step distillation and mixing process is shown in the figure. The system operates at steady-state conditions and there are no chemical reactions. The known flow rates and comp
Component bar chart : A bar chart which shows the component parts of the aggregate represented by the whole length of the bar. The component parts are shown as the sectors of bar w
The term used when the aggregated data (for instance, aggregated over different areas) are analysed and the results supposed to apply to the relationships at the individual level.
The term used for the estimation of the misclassification rate in the discriminant analysis. Number of techniques has been proposed for two-group situation, but the multiple-group
Models which make use of the smoothing techniques such as locally weighted regression to identify and represent the possible non-linear relationships between the explanatory and th
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