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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
Resentful demoralization is the possible phenomenon in the clinical trials and intervention studies in which comparison groups not attaining a perceived desirable treatment become
The Null Hypothesis - H0: There is no heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1 = 0 The Alternative Hypothesis - H1: There is heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1 0 Reject H0 if |t | > t = 1.96
The biggest and smallest variate values among the sample of observations. Significant in various regions, for instance flood levels of the river, speed of wind and snowfall.
Literature controls : The patients with the disease of interest who have received, in the past, one of two treatments under the investigation, and for whom the results have been pu
Mann Whitney test is a distribution free test which is used as an alternative to the Student's t-test for assessing that whether the two populations have the same median. The test
Hanging rootogram is he diagram comparing the observed rootogram with the ?tted curve, in which dissimilarities between the two are displayed in relation to the horizontal axis,
Hurdle Model: The model for count data which postulates two processes, one generating the zeros in the data and one generating positive values. The binomial model decides the bina
Matching coefficient is a similarity coefficient for data consisting of the number of binary variables which is often used in cluster analysis. It can be given as follows he
Compliance : The extent to which the participants in a clinical trial follow trial protocol, for instance, following both the intervention regimen and trial procedures (clinical vi
Formal graphical representation of the "causal diagrams" or the "path diagrams" where the relationships are directed but acyclic (that is no feedback relations allowed). Plays an
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