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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
Chebyshev's inequality: A statement about the proportion of the observations which fall within some number of the standard deviations of the mean for any of the probability distri
Hot deck is a method broadly used in surveys for imputing the missing values. In its easiest form the method includes sampling with replacement m values from the sample respondent
A rule for computing the number of classes to use while constructing a histogram and can be given by here n is the sample size and ^ γ is the estimate of kurtosis.
Probability judgements : Human beings often require assessing the probability which some event will occur and accuracy of these probability judgements often determines success of o
Indirect least squares: An estimation technique used in the fitting of structural equation models. Commonly least squares are first used to estimate reduced form parameters. Usi
Path analysis is a device for evaluating the interrelationships among the variables by analyzing their correlational structure. The relationships between the variables are man
The Null Hypothesis - H0: β 1 = 0 i.e. there is homoscedasticity errors and no heteroscedasticity exists The Alternative Hypothesis - H1: β 1 ≠ 0 i.e. there is no homoscedasti
McNemar's test is the test for comparing proportions in data involving the paired samples. The test statistic can be given by it is most useful when the data have a symmetri
what is goal post mentality?
Non-randomized clinical trial is the clinical trial in which the series of consecutive patients receive a new treatment and those which respond (according to some of the pre-defin
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