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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
Negative binomial distribution is the probability distribution of number of failures, X, before the kth success in the sequence of Bernoulli trials where the probability of succes
Length-biased data is a data which arise when the probability that an item is sampled is proportional to its own length. A main example of this situation occurs in the renewal the
The division of a sample of observations into several classes, together with the number of observations in each of them. It acts as a useful summary of the main features of the da
A law supposedly applicable to voting behaviour which has a history of several decades. It may be stated thus: Consider a two-party system and suppose that the representatives of t
how to describe association between quantitative and categorical variables
Tracking is the term sometimes used in the discussions of data from the longitudinal study, to describe the ability to predict the subsequent observations from previous values. In
Kaiser's rule is the rule frequently used in the principal components analysis for selecting the suitable the number of components. When the components are derived from correlati
Harris and Stevens forecasting is the method of making short term forecasts in the time series which is subject to abrupt changes in pattern and the transient effects. Instances o
Cochrane collaboration : An international network of the individuals committed to preparing , maintaining and disseminating the systematic reviews of the effects of the health care
Multivariate data is the data for which each observation consists of the values for more than one random variable. For instance, measurements on the blood pressure, temperature an
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