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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
O. J. Simpson paradox is a term coming from the claim made by the defence lawyer in murder trial of O. J. Simpson. The lawyer acknowledged that the statistics demonstrate that onl
An oil company is considering whether or not to bid for an offshore drilling contract. If they bid, the value would be $600m with a 65% chance of gaining the contract. The company
Matching distribution is a probability distribution which arises in the following manner. Suppose that the set of n subjects, numbered 1; . . . ; n respectively, are arranged in
A two-step distillation and mixing process is shown in the figure. The system operates at steady-state conditions and there are no chemical reactions. The known flow rates and comp
How large would the sample need to be if we are to pick a 95% confidence level sample: (i) From a population of 70; (ii) From a population of 450; (iii) From a population of 1000;
Randomized encouragement trial is the clinical trials in which the participants are encouraged to change their behaviour in a particular manner (or not, if they are allocated to
Please help with following problem: : Let’s consider the logistic regression model, which we will refer to as Model 1, given by log(pi / [1-pi]) = 0.25 + 0.32*X1 + 0.70*X2 + 0.
An analyst counted 17 A/B runs and 26 time series observations. Do these results suggest that the data are nonrandom? Explain
1.Sam Lucarelli, owner of Lucarelli Products, is evaluating whether to produce a new product line. After thinking through the production process and the costs of raw materials and
The phrase first spoken by one of the witches in Macbeth. Now this is used to describe the exponential rise in the number of possible locations in the multivariate space as dimensi
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