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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
The measure of the degree to which the particular model differs from the saturated model for the data set. Explicitly in terms of the likelihoods of the two models can be defined a
Compound symmetry : The property possessed by the variance-covariance matrix of the set of multivariate data when its chief diagonal elements are equal to each other, and in additi
This term is sometimes used for the data collected in those longitudinal studies in which more than the single response variable is recorded for each subject on each occasion. For
Reciprocal transformation is a transformation of the form y =1/x, which is specifically useful for certain types of variables. Resistances, for instance, become conductances, and
Log-linear models is the models for count data in which the logarithm of expected value of a count variable is modelled as the linear function of parameters; the latter represent
The probability distribution, f (x), of largest extreme can be given as The location parameter, α is the mode and β is the scale parameter. The mean, variance skewn
Principal components analysis is a process for analysing multivariate data which transforms original variables into the new ones which are uncorrelated and account for decreasing
Line-intersect sampling is a technique of unequal probability sampling for selecting the sampling units in the geographical area. A sample of lines is drawn in a study area and, w
Cointegration : The vector of not motionless time sequence is said to be cointegrated if the linear combination of the individual series is stationary. Facilitates suitable testing
Initial data analysis (IDA): The first phase in the examination of the data set which comprises number of informal steps including the following steps * checking the quality o
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