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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
Geographical information system (gis): The software and hardware configurations through which the digital georeferences are processed and displayed. Used to recognize the geograph
The generalization of the normal distribution used for the characterization of functions. It is known as a Gaussian process because it has Gaussian distributed finite dimensional m
Yate s' continuity correction : When the testing for independence in contingency table, a continuous probability distribution, known as chi-squared distribution, is used as the app
Cointegration : The vector of not motionless time sequence is said to be cointegrated if the linear combination of the individual series is stationary. Facilitates suitable testing
Identification keys: The devices for identifying the samples from a set of known taxa, which contains a tree- structure where each node corresponds to the diagnostic question of t
PRINCIPLES OF MODELLING IN OR.
Zero-inflated Poisson regression is the model for count data with the excess zeros. It supposes that with probability p the only possible observation is 0 and with the probabilit
Non-response is the term generally used for the failure to give the relevant information being collected in the survey. Poor response can be because of the variety of causes, for
Back-projection: A term most often applied to the procedure for reconstructing plausible HIV incidence curves from the AIDS incidence data. The method or technique assumes that th
Non-identified response is a term used to signify censored observations in survival data, which are not independent of the endpoint of the interest. Such observations can happen f
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