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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
Leaps-and-bounds algorithm is an algorithm which is used to ?nd the optimal solution in problems which might have a large number of possible solutions. Begins by dividing the poss
Occam's razor is an early statement of the parsimony principle, which was given by William of Occam (1280-1349) namely 'entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem'; which m
Behrens Fisher problem : The difficulty of testing for the equality of the means of the two normal distributions which do not have the equal variance. Various test statistics have
This is the powerful visualization tool for studying how the response relies on an explanatory variable given the values of other explanatory variables. The plot comprises of a num
Non-response is the term generally used for the failure to give the relevant information being collected in the survey. Poor response can be because of the variety of causes, for
Economic Interpretation of the Optimum Simplex solution
Jonckheere Terpstra test is the test for detecting particular types of departures from the independence in a contingency table in which both the row and column categories contain
Basic reproduction number : A term used in the theory of infectious diseases for the number of secondary cases which one case would generate in a completely susceptible population.
a. Explain the meaning of the word non-orthogonal. b. What condition(s) must exist for non-orthogonality to occur? Be specific.
Identification keys: The devices for identifying the samples from a set of known taxa, which contains a tree- structure where each node corresponds to the diagnostic question of t
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