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Question:
(a) A string of ciphertext was enciphered using an a±ne transformation of single letters in a 28-letter alphabet consisting of A to Z, a blank and a?, where A to Z have numerical equivalents 0 to 25, blank=26, ?=27. A frequency analysis reveals that the the first, second and third most common letters of this ciphertext are B, ? and I, respectively. Suppose that the first and second most common letters in an English language text written in this 28-letter alphabet are ` '(blank) and E, respectively.
(i) Find the possible deciphering transformations.
(ii) Using the fact that T, is the third most common letter in the English language (of our 28 letters), find the right deciphering transformation.
(b) The ciphertext
¡GSTMTSI XJMUIGHRFKYMV
was generated using a 2£2 enciphering matrix with a 29¡letter alphabet, where A to Z have numerical equivalents 0 to 25, blank=26, !=27, and ¡ = 28. Given that the last five letters of the plaintext are A¡ONE, determine the complete plaintext.
The following message was enciphered with a Vigenère cipher. aikiaawgfspxeppvjabjnivulfznzvkrlidamsmyamlvskniyffdpbwtnxsvvbtnamvltsefoeycztkomylmerkwrs deusjgecmzkwvnreeyp
Discuss how developers should apply the following countermeasures to improve the security of their code:
Question: (a) A string of ciphertext was enciphered using an a±ne transformation of single letters in a 28-letter alphabet consisting of A to Z, a blank and a?, where A to Z ha
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The world has to deal with newly released vulnerabilities on a daily basis. These vulnerabilities eventually lead to active exploits of systems, and it is our job as cyber securit
Assume that the RSA problem is hard, prove that the RSA encryption is secure against IND- CPA. Provide a game between an adversary A and a simulator (or challenger) B.
How to pretect my computer from attacking
Selecting a Risk Control Strategy Risk controls involve selecting one of the 4 risk control strategies for every vulnerability. The flowchart is shown in the figure given below
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