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Explicitly specifying the join condition - SQL
SELECT *
FROM IS_CALLED JOIN IS_ENROLLED_ON
ON ( IS_CALLED.StudentId = IS_ENROLLED_ON.StudentId )
Now, the key word JOIN in all of the foregoing examples can be harmlessly preceded by the word INNER. SQL also supports what are called "outer joins". The outer join of t1 and t2 contains all the rows of the inner join and possibly some more if either operand has rows which fail to participate in the inner join. Such a row might participate in the outer join, accompanied by NULL for each column of the other operand. The key words LEFT, RIGHT, and FULL, each optionally followed by OUTER, are used to specify whether unmatched rows of the first (left) operand, the second (right) operand, or both operands, respectively, are to appear in the result. Example shows an SQL outer join. A single row for student S5 appears in the result, with NULL in place of a value for CourseId.
Updating a Variable Assignment of an attribute value in a variable of a structured type Synatx: SET SN.C = 'S2'; As in Example the entire statement is equivalent to a
Transaction context As the figure shows, the major transaction shares its context with the nested transactions, but not with the autonomous transactions. Similarly, If one aut
Datatypes Every constant and variable has a datatype that specifies the storage format, constraints, and the valid range of values. The PL/SQL gives a variety of predefined dat
Set Operators The Set operators combine the results of the two queries into one result. The INTERSECT returns all the distinct rows selected by both queries. The MINUS returns
Manipulating Collections Within PL/SQL, the collections add procedural power and flexibility. The biggest benefit is that your program can compute subscripts to process the spec
Multiple Assignment- SQL SQL supports multiple assignment to local variables and also applies multiple assignment semantics in SET clauses of UPDATE statements, but does not
Example of Table Literal - SQL Example: A Table Literal (correct version) VALUES ('S1', 'C1', 'Anne'), ('S1', 'C2', 'Anne'), ('S2', 'C1', 'Boris'), ('S3', 'C3'
IS NULL Operator The IS NULL operator returns the Boolean value TRUE whenever its operand is null or FALSE if it is not null. The comparisons including the nulls always yield NU
Packaging Cursors You can split a cursor specification from its body for placement in a package. In that way, you can change the cursor body without changing the cursor spec
Assignments in pl/sql The Variables and constants are initialized every time a block or subprogram is entered. By default, the variables are initialized to NULL. Therefore, unle
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