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Explain Two phase locking protocol
A transaction is consider as to follow the two-phase locking protocol if all locking operations precede the first unlock operation in the transaction. Such type of transaction can be divided into two phases: and expanding or growing (first) phase, throughout which new locks on items can be acquired but none can be released; and a shrinking (second) phase, throughout which existing locks can be released but no new locks can be obtained. This two-phase protocol can make sure the serializability because all the data items needed by a transaction will be locked at the starting of the transaction and if other transaction needs to use those data items then it has to wait till they become unlocked.
What is meant by computing the closure of a set of functional dependency? The closure of F denoted by F + is the set of functional dependencies logically implied by F.
give me a diagram about physical or internal level
Shared lock or Read Lock It is requested by a transaction that needs to just read the value of data item. A shared lock on a data item does not permit an exclusive lock
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