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Timestamps For Read operations:
If TS (T) < W-timestamp (Q), then the transaction T is trying to read a value of data item Q which has already been overwritten by some other transaction. As the value which T wanted to read from Q does not be there anymore, and T would be rolled back.
If TS (T) >= W-timestamp (Q), then the transaction T is trying to read a value of data item Q which has been written and committed by some other transaction earlier. As T will be allowed to read the value of Q, and the R-timestamp of Q should be updated to TS (T).
Whenever the LIMIT clause will be used? LIMIT is used for the following kinds of problems: 1) Answering questions about first or last and largest or smallest 2) Splitting
What is meant by object-oriented data model? The object-oriented paradigm is based on encapsulation of data and code related to an object in to a one unit, whose contents are n
List the requirements needed to design a trigger. The requirements are:- Specifying when a trigger is to be implemented. State the actions to be taken when the trigger im
Suppose that in an organisation, an employee may do different roles in dissimilar projects. Say, RAM is doing coding in one project and doing designing in another. Suppose that the
What are the objectives of query processing? Ans: The objectives of query processing is to transform a query written in a high level language into a accurate and efficien
The Database administrator (DBA) uses the data dictionary in each phase of a database life cycle, beginning from the data gathering phase to the design, execution and maintenance p
what do you mean by consistency in rdbms?
Suppose R is a relation with attributes A1, A2,..., An. As a function of n, tell how many superkeys R has, if: 1.1 The only key is A1. 1.2 The only key is A1 and A2. 1.3 The o
What is Primary key? Primary Key - Primary key is one of the candidate keys which uniquely identifies each row in the relation.
What is a recovery scheme? An integral part of a database system is a recovery scheme that can restore the database to the reliable state that existed before the failure.
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