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Explain the Physical Methods to Control Microorganisms?
The physical methods to control microorganisms involve heat, filtration or radiations. Figure illustrates these methods. Temperature influences microorganisms by altering their enzyme systems. Low temperature, you may recall studying in the theory Course, inactivates the enzymes while high temperature destroys them. Heat is commonly employed for controlling microorganisms. Both moist heat and dry heat can be used for this purpose. Moist heat results in coagulation of proteins and degrades nucleic acid and may even disrupt cell membrane.
Moist heat has more penetrability than dry heat and kills the cells more rapidly that too at a lower temperature. Microbes exhibit difference in their resistance to moist heat. Generally, bacterial spores require temperature above 100°C for destruction. Moist heat can either sterilize or disinfect the object depending upon the temperature employed. Moist heat can be used either
(1) at temperature <100° C (pasteurization-used to remove pathogens),
(2) as free flowing steam at 100° C (by boiling or tyndallisation) or
(3) by saturated steam under pressure (autoclaving).
Q. What are the periods of the second meiotic division? Meiosis II is divided into metaphase II, prophase II, anaphase II and telofase II.
Heifers As efficient reproductive performance is essential for economic livestock production, the female calves must grow rapidly to attain sexual maturity, ovulate and be mated b
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Define Tips that should be followed before an event Start? Before the event, following tips should be followed: As the glycogen stores may be used up during night, a h
Q. What do you know about Vascular Access ? Femoral and brachial arteries are still the commonest routes of access for aortography. Thoracic Aorta A sound knowledge of
Provide supporting evidence to explain how conversion of a normal somatic cell into a malignant one requires multiple mutations.
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What is Iris Coloboma Coloboma is a congenital abnormality due to non-fusion of the embryonic choroidal fissure. It can affect any part of the eye and may involve the optic ner
characters of phylum protozoa
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