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Explain the Kidney Function in human biology?
Blood first enters the capillaries in Bowman's capsule where it is filtered. The pores in the capillary walls allow water and small molecules to pass through, but are too small to allow red blood cells and large protein molecules to pass. The process by which material is filtered into Bowman's capsule is not very selective, and some of these substances that are of value to the body need to be reclaimed. Material filtered through the capillary walls into Bowman's capsule flows along the renal tubules. The process by which material is returned to the blood through the walls of the tubules is called tubular reabsorption.
Sodium, potassium, calcium, other minerals, and glucose are returned by active transport. These substances then enter the capillaries by diffusion. Water is returned by osmosis mostly in the proximal convoluted tubule, following the movement of glucose. There is additional reabsorption of salts and nutrients from the distal convoluted tubule, but this section of tubule also removes wastes and other substances not originally filtered out by Bowman's capsule through a process called tubular secretion. The pH of the blood is adjusted by the secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate. Potassium ions, ammonia, and certain drugs are eliminated by secretion from the distal convoluted tubules.
The loops of Henle function to concentrate the filtrate by establishing an osmotic gradient in the extracellular fluid around the loops that will later pull water from the collecting ducts. The ascending limb of the loop pumps NaCl out by active transport, but the ions cannot diffuse back in because this portion of the loop is impermeable to water. Salts can diffuse into the descending limb, but these are pumped out again when they reach the ascending loop, increasing the extracellular ionic concentration. When the filtrate reaches the collecting ducts, its osmotic concentration is much lower than the extracellular fluid of the medulla, so it loses water by osmosis and becomes more concentrated. As much as 99% of the water that goes through the tubules and collecting ducts is returned to the blood.
What is the function of the umbilical cord? The umbilical cord haves blood vessels which convey blood among the fetus and the placenta.
ONSE T OF PUBERTY IN MALE Puberty is the period when reproductive organs become functional. It is attained at the age of 13-16 yrs. It is stimulated by testasteron. I
Signify the term - opercular gill. The gill found in bony fish. Operculum is the outer covering of the gill. When it's drawn away from the body, it pulls water inside the bucca
draw a well labled diagram of plasmotomy
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How is a prototype drug different from other drugs in the same class?
Omnispective Classification This is the extension of the concept of natural classification put forward by Black Welder (1967). The approach seems quite realistic and pragmatic.
Both these neurotransmitter strengthen memory when they are released into the blood stream following learning. Stressful events stimulate release of stress hormones from the adrena
It consists of: - Two kidneys that produce urine. - The left and right ureters that the urine travels through on leaving the kidneys. - The muscular urinary bladder, which
Haemodynamics : The type of valves chosen should have excellent haemodynamics. In studies at rest and on exercise the valve should produce only acceptable diastolic gradients in
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