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Explain the Kidney Function in human biology?
Blood first enters the capillaries in Bowman's capsule where it is filtered. The pores in the capillary walls allow water and small molecules to pass through, but are too small to allow red blood cells and large protein molecules to pass. The process by which material is filtered into Bowman's capsule is not very selective, and some of these substances that are of value to the body need to be reclaimed. Material filtered through the capillary walls into Bowman's capsule flows along the renal tubules. The process by which material is returned to the blood through the walls of the tubules is called tubular reabsorption.
Sodium, potassium, calcium, other minerals, and glucose are returned by active transport. These substances then enter the capillaries by diffusion. Water is returned by osmosis mostly in the proximal convoluted tubule, following the movement of glucose. There is additional reabsorption of salts and nutrients from the distal convoluted tubule, but this section of tubule also removes wastes and other substances not originally filtered out by Bowman's capsule through a process called tubular secretion. The pH of the blood is adjusted by the secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate. Potassium ions, ammonia, and certain drugs are eliminated by secretion from the distal convoluted tubules.
The loops of Henle function to concentrate the filtrate by establishing an osmotic gradient in the extracellular fluid around the loops that will later pull water from the collecting ducts. The ascending limb of the loop pumps NaCl out by active transport, but the ions cannot diffuse back in because this portion of the loop is impermeable to water. Salts can diffuse into the descending limb, but these are pumped out again when they reach the ascending loop, increasing the extracellular ionic concentration. When the filtrate reaches the collecting ducts, its osmotic concentration is much lower than the extracellular fluid of the medulla, so it loses water by osmosis and becomes more concentrated. As much as 99% of the water that goes through the tubules and collecting ducts is returned to the blood.
Explain the term Indirect Calorimetry? This method estimates energy expenditure by determining the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production of the body or a cell over a
INORGANI C SUBSTANCES They are small, simple, low molecular weight substances which are made of elements other than Carbon and Hydrogen combined together. Inorganic substan
Use the rules of probability to predict the ratios of progeny expected from two parents who are heterozygous for albinism. Note: Albinism is recessive to normal skin color. 1) What
Q Is the tubular-dorsal nervous system of chordates associated to radial or lateral symmetry? How does that explain the complexity level of the nervous system reached by the verteb
General Characters-
State in brief about Gullstrands Theory A change in the lens is controlled by the balance between elasticity of the lens capsule and the pull of zonules. It is believed that on
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What is Prostetic group Prostetic group :- A non-protein part of the enzyme which remains tightly bound to the protein part.
Once the decision to start drug treatment of hypertension is made, the aim should be to provide 24 hour BP control, with agents that would encourage patient adherence. The patient
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