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Problem:
(a) Briefly explain the ‘Hierarchical Database Model' using appropriate diagram.
(b) List and briefly describe five potential benefits of the database approach compared to conventional file systems.
(c) To address the issue of data independence, the SPARC/ANSI three level architecture was proposed. Compare and contrast the three levels of the model.
(d) Explain briefly the parts of the Relational Model.
What is known as heap file organization? In the heap file organization, any record can be placed anywhere in the file where there is space for the record. There is no ordering
Fourth Normal Form (4NF) When attributes in a relation have multi-valued dependency, further Normalization to 4NF and 5NF are needed. Let us first find out what multi-valued d
What is trigger Triggers are statements that are implemented automatically by the system as the side effect of a change to the database.
What is a primary key? Primary key is chosen by the database designer as the principal means of identifying an entity in the entity set.
Emergence of Client Server Architecture Some of the pioneering work that was completed by some of the relational database vendors permitted the computing to be distributed on m
Un-Normalized Form (UNF) If a table having non-atomic values at every row, it is said to be in UNF. An atomic value is something that cannot be further decomposed. A non-atomic
Although how will the system recover The selection of REDO or UNDO for a transaction for the recovery is completed on the basis of the state of the transactions. This state is
Give an example of Object Representation For illustration, consider the implementation of a social security number within an employee object that is shown in Figure. The soci
deffine class&object
What is meant by heuristic optimisation?Discuss the major heuristics that are applied during query optimisation.
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