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Explain the Functions of Folate?Folate, also known as folic acid, is essential for good health. Folate requiring reactions include those involved in phases of amino acid metabolism, DNA (purine and pyrimidine) biosynthesis and the formation of the primary methylating agent, S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) as shown in Figure. Folate is involved in the de novo synthesis of purines (adenine and guanine), requiring the folate form, 10-formyl tetrahydro folic acid (THF), which is produced from 5, 10-methylene THF reactions catalyzed by the enzyme THF synthetase. The 510- methylene THF molecule has several fates, one of which is the reconversion to 5- methyl THF, catalyzed by methylene tetra hydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). Thus, folate in its reduced and polyglutamylated forms is essential for the DNA biosynthesis cycle, as shown in Figure. This conversion (5, 10-methylene THF molecule reconversion to 5-methyl THF) forms methionine from homocysteine. Folate, specially helps in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke by lowering the level of the amino acid homocysteine in the blood (by forming methionine). At high levels, homocysteine can damage coronary arteries or make it easier for blood clotting cells to clump together and form a clot. This can increase the risk of heart attack or stroke. This methylation reaction (refer to Figure) requires the enzyme methionine synthase, cobalamin (vitamin BIZ) and 5-methyl THF. A methyl group is removed from 5 methyl THF and is sequentially transferred first to cobalamin coenzyme and then to homocysteine forming methionine and reconverting 5-methyl THF to tetrahydrofolate (THF). The dependency of methionine synthase on both folate and cobalamin explains why a single deficiency of either vitamin leads to the same megaloblastic changes in the bone marrow and other tissues, with rapidly dividing cells. Alternatively 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate can be channelled to the methylation cycle (refer to Figure). This cycle has two functions. It ensures that the cell always has an adequate supply of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), an activated form of methionine which acts as a methyl donor to a wide range of methyltransferases. The methyltransferases methylate a wide range of substrates including lipids, hormones, DNA and proteins. One particularly important methylation is that of myelin basic protein, which acts as insulation for nerve cells. When the methylation cycle is interrupted, as it is during vitamin BIZ deficiency, one of the clinical consequences is the demyelination of nerve cells resulting in a neuropathy which leads to ataxia (lack of coordination), paralysis, and, if untreated, ultimately death. Other important methyltransferase enzymes down-regulate DNA and suppress cell division.
Explain the Process of Repositioning - Endodontic Surgery 1. Reposition the flap gently, 2. Approximate incision lines closely as possible 3. Pressure application "surgic
Cu r in g and Smoking Meat curing refers to the production of the characteristic thermally stable pink meat pigment and cured meat flavour by the action of sodium nitrite an
Q. Explain Spoilage of Soft Drinks? We all consume soft drinks, fruit juices, as well as, preserves, which normally are available in the market as tetrapacks, cans, bottles
TYPE S - There are present three types of muscle fibres: 1. Striped or striated or skeletal or voluntary muscles. 2. Unstriped or non-striated o
For convenience, living things are placed into different groups. Taxonomic breakdown of living things comprises the following categories: Family, Class, Genus, Phylum, Order, K
Energy Allowance: Energy Allowance: The patient's requirement for energy varies with the physical activity and physiological condition. For instance, consider a person con
Define about Calcium and Osteoporosis? Gain in bone mass occurs throughout childhood; however, during adolescent growth spurt, the gain in bone mass, as well as, calcium retent
A. In order to determine the atomic number of an element we need to know the number of protons in an atom. As we know that atom is neutral we can also take the number of electro
Q. Energy requirement during congestive cardiac failure? Energy: Composition of the calorie requirements on the basis of body weight is usually not feasible due to the presence
The protein truncation test (ptt) gives an uncommon exception, targeting mutations that create shortened proteins, majorly premature translation termination. Ptt has various attrac
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