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Explain the Fluoride Toxicity?
Fluoride is a cumulative toxin. Ingestion of fluoride 1.0-1.5 mg/L for several years may produce dental fluorosis, i.e. browning and pitting of teeth known as mottling, as you may recall studying in the Public Nutrition Course (MFN-006). Chronic high level of fluoride in the range of 2-5 mgL can cause skeletal fluorosis. Crippling skeletal fluorosis can occur where drinking water containing higher than 10 mg/L is consumed over several. years. The severe forms of skeletal deformity in toxic fluorosis include kyphosis (abnormal curvature of the spine), fixed spine and other joint deformities. Hyper parathyroidism secondary to high fluoride intake has been reported, which induces calcification of soft tissues. You may recall that PTH is a hormone involved in calcium homeostasis, releasing calcium from the bone into the blood when blood calcium levels tend to fall. An abnormal increase in PTH can add calcium to the soft tissues, hardening them in the process.
A form of severe skeletal flourosis known as "Genuvalgium" (knocked knees) has been reported from part of India, China and African countries. The condition is characterized by severe skeletal fluorosis and osteoporosis of the limbs. Chronic ingestion of excess fluoride coupled with low calcium and high molybdenum intakes appear to increase fluoride retention in the bone. While hyper-parathyrodism and increased levels of PTH result in calcium removal from the bone, explaining the osteoporosis of the limbs.
Animal Cloning: When entire animals are obtained from somatic cells of an animal, it is known as animal cloning. Cloning is usual in plants but in case of animals only some deg
Blood from a donor is sterile and stored in a sealed bag, but it is still kept at 4°C. What is the advantage of keeping it at this low temperature? At 4 °C, enzyme activi
List out Points about the Traditional Food Preservation? 1. The traditional food preservation methods like drying, pickling, salting, smoking, canning and freezing have been wi
What is glycolysis? What are the products of this process? Glycolysis, the first stage of the aerobic cell respiration, is a process in which glucose is degraded (broken) to fo
STERNU M - It is long, naroow, flat vertical bone in the middle of the front wall of the chest. 15 cms long. It is dagger shaped having manubrium body & xiphoid process.
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Explain Nutrient Requirement and Dietary Management? You must have understood by the discussion above that by the end of the flow phase, the patient usually is well hydrated an
Q. Treatment and Management of Hypertension? The first choice of treatment and management of primary hypertension is through behaviour modifications pertaining to food choices
Explain Preparation of burette for Estimation of Reducing Sugar by Fehling Soxhlet? Preparation of burette - Take a 50 ml burette. 1. Fix the burette into the burette holder
why the excretory organ of prawn is called ''green gland''?
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