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Explain the Fermentability or Degradability?
As you are aware that colon contains over 400 known species of bacteria that exist in a symbiotic relationship with the host. All fibres are broken down to some extent by these microorganisms. Fermentation depends on the accessibility of the molecules to the microorganisms, which in turn depends on physical properties particularly solubility. Soluble fractions especially pectin, gums, mucilages and algal polysaccharides are very accessible and ferment rapidly. Insoluble fibre fraction ferment much more slowly. The first step in fermentation is the breakdown of polysaccharides, oligosaccharides and disaccharides to their monosaccharide subunits by hydrolytic enzymes of bacteria. Monosaccharides are further converted to various end products as seen in Figure.
Figure: Overview of carbohydrate fermentation on colon
According to the calculations by Cummings and Macfarlane, if approximately 20 g of fibre is fermented in the colon each day, 200 mM SCFA will be produced, of which 62% will be acetate, 25% propionate and 16% butyrate. Of these, butyrate is almost completely consumed by the colonic mucosa, while acetate and propionate enter the portal circulation. The mechanism by which SCFAs cross the colonic mucosa is thought to be a saturable process-passive diffusion of unionized acid into mucosal cells. In addition to these acids, other products of fibre fermentation are hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane gases that are excreted as flatus or expired by the lungs.
Explain Microtube and Hedstorm file removal technique A Hedstorm file was then passed down the length of the tube until it engaged itself tightly between the obstruction an
Aplasia of epidydimis This condition is seen in only 1 or 2 % of young bulls and is marked by absence of one (more common) or both epididymis. Bulls having a single epidydimis
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In the previous section we discussed the concept of species in detail and concluded that the concept of biological species and Mayr's definition of species have a wide acceptance a
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What is test battery A series of tests (called a test battery) will be given. One widely used battery is Halstead Reitan, which includes measures of verbal and nonverbal intell
Homo sapiens first appeared in the fossil record between 200,000 to 300,000 years ago, The fossils were the Swanscomb man from England and Steinheim man from Germany. a) The Swa
In which environments do bacteria live? Bacteria can be found in various environments throughout the planet. There are bacteria in the air, in fresh water, on the surface, in t
Illustrate the Applications of Vitamin D Vitamin D 2 is mainly used in the preparation of various drug formulations. For the animal feed industry, a mineral stable dry powder
ABO blood groups in humans are controlled by the gene I. It has three alleles - IA, IB and i. As there are three dissimilar alleles, six different genotypes are possible. How many
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