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Explain the disadvantages of file oriented approach?
In the oriented approach Applications are designed in isolation. Design of application is optimized for one application. Independently established applications lead to data redundancy. Wasted storage space because of redundancy.
a. There is loss of data integrity since integrity checking is not automated.b. Difficulty in accessing data.c. Information is available only in reports.d. Data Isolation.e. Inadequate securityf. Limited Flexibilityg. High Maintenance cost.h. Each data file of an application is a separate entity.
construct a b-tree for the following set of key values 2,3,5,7,11,17,19,23,29,31.assume that the tree is initial empty and the values are added in ascending order
Distributed Control and Data sharing: The geographical distribution of an organization can be showed in the distribution of the data; if a number of different sites are linked to e
Describe DROP TABLE command of SQL along with both the options - CASCADE and RESTRICT. DROP TABLE command - This command drops the specified table. Dropping a table also dro
What is Primary key? Primary Key - Primary key is one of the candidate keys which uniquely identifies each row in the relation.
First Normal Form and second normal form First Normal Form (1NF) A relation is said to be in 1NF if it having no non-atomic values and each row can give a unique combinat
Insulation between conceptual and physical structures It can be defined as: 1. The Database Administrator should be capable to vary the storage structures without affectin
Need for Multiple Access Paths In practice, most of the online information systems need the support of multi-key files. For example, consider a banking database application hav
Differentiate between static hashing and dynamic hashing. Ans: Static Hashing comprises the number of primary pages in the directory fixed. So, while a bucket is full, we requ
Demonstrate the Design of associations During object design phase we must design a strategy to implement associations. Association may be unidirectional or bi-directional. Wha
You are required to implement integrity constraints within the database to enforce the following requirements: For Projects: Start date must be supplied. Start date cannot be i
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