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The Concept of Thread
A thread is a sequential flow of control within a process. A process is able to have one or more threads. Threads have their own register-values and program-counter but they share memory space and other resources of the process. Every process begins with a single thread. Through the execution, other threads can be created as and when required. Similar to processes, every thread has an execution state (terminated, ready, blocked or running). A thread has right to use the memory address space and resources of its process. Threads have similar life cycles as processes do. A single processor system may support concurrency by switching execution among two or more threads. A multi processor system may support parallel concurrency by executing a separate thread on every processor. There are three fundamental techniques in concurrent programming languages for terminating and creating threads:
We can think of a thread as essentially a lightweight process. Though, threads propose a number of advantages over processes. The advantages are as follows:
a) It does not take so much time to create and terminate a new thread than to create and terminate a process. The reason is that a newly created thread uses the current process address space.
b) It does not take so much time to switch between two threads within a common process, partly since the newly created thread uses current process address space.
c) Less communication overheads -- communicating between the threads of one process is simple since the threads share amongst other entities the address space. So, data generated by one thread is right away available to all other threads.
Current Pentium 4 based MPUs use Hyper-threading, but the next-generation cores, Woodcrest and Merom, Conroe will not. While some have alleged that this is because Hyper-threading
The number of control lines for 32 to 1 multiplexer is ? Ans. For 32 (2 5 ) the number of control lines and to select one i/p between them total 5 select lines are needed.
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