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Q. Explain phase-shift keying?
In PSK, the phase angle of a carrier is keyed between two values. When the values are separated by π radians, it is known as phase-reversal keying (PRK). The PSK waveform in the bit interval is given by
Equation can be viewed as a carrier Ac cos(ωct + φc) modulated in amplitude by a digital signal d(t) with amplitudes of 1 when the binary digit in the bit interval is 1 and 0, respectively. Figure illustrates the functions of a coherent PSK communication system, which is similar to the ASK system of Figure with the following differences:
• The received signal is now given by
• A gain of 2 is assigned to the integrator.• A threshold is absent when binary digits 0 and 1 occur with equal probability.
No truly noncoherent PSK version is possible because the PSK signal carries its information in the carrier's phase, whereas a noncoherent system purposely disregards phase and operates only on signal amplitude.
Let a message signal m(t) have a bandwidth of 10 kHz and a peak magnitude of 1 V. Estimate the bandwidth, by using Carson's rule, of the signal u(t) obtained when m(t) modulates a
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Q. Planning and Research in power system? Energy research worldwide is assuming top priority, in particular because of economic, en - vironmental, and resource constraints. DOE
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List three characteristics of lines of magnetic flux
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