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What is Normalization?
Database normalization is a data design and organization method applied to data structures based on rules that help building relational databases. In relational database design, the method of organizing data to minimize redundancy is known as normalization. Normalization usually includes dividing a database into two or more tables and defining relationships among the tables. The objective is to isolate data so that additions, deletions, and modifications of a field can be made in just one table and then propagated by the rest of the database via the explained relationships.
What is Hierarchical DBMS In HDBMS, data is structured in a tree like manner. There is a parent-child relationship between data items and the data model is very suitable for re
What are the General Transformation Rules for Relational operations? Ans: The transformation rules transform one relational algebra expression to AN EQUIVALENT ONE 1. E
Consider the relations EMP(ENO,ENAME,AGE,BASIC_SALARY) WORK_IN(ENO,DNO) DEPT(DNO,DNAME,CITY) Express the following queries in SQL (i) Find names of employees who work in a dep
Define Partial Key and Primary Key A partial key, also known as discriminator, is the set of attributes which can uniquely identify weak entities that are related to similar o
During the deletion of a tuple two cases can happen: Deletion of tuple in relation having the foreign key: In this type of case simply delete the desired tuple. For example, in
How is the database organised in Oracle? Database organized within Oracle in terms of table and table holds attributes and values. A database consists of one or more logical
Load sample data into the database tables design and test queries to return the following information • All rows and columns for employees • All rows and columns for customers •
What is called as an N-way merge? The merge operation is a generalization of the two-way merge used by the standard in-memory sort-merge algorithm. It merges N runs, so it is k
3NF Normal Form A relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for each FD X A either of the following is true X is a Super-key of R. A is a prime attribute of R
Examples:- Hierarchical Model: It tells data as and relationships by hierarchy of data values. Figure illustrates an example of hierarchical model. Now a day's these models are
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