Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Spring MVC Controllers, I want to upload an item object with it''s image is...

I want to upload an item object with it''s image is it possible that i pass a complete object of my Item along with it''s image from my Controller if yes then how may i Do it? an

Develop a custom android app, Develop a Custom Android App Project Descr...

Develop a Custom Android App Project Description: We want you to construct a custom Android app. Once user downloads the app and upon installation the user gets push notif

Currency calculator, I have to write a several line currency exchange rate ...

I have to write a several line currency exchange rate calculator.it wants me to use a variable and prompt var dollarAmount = Prompt("Enter amount in U.S. dollars:"); and give t

Relation between stack and heap, Relation between Stack and Heap Stack ...

Relation between Stack and Heap Stack and heap are two significant memory areas. Primitives are created on the stack whereas objects are created on heap. This will be further c

Prepare a small android application, Android App Project Description: ...

Android App Project Description: I am seeking an experienced individual to prepare a small android application The only difference is that I would like movement to be done

Explain the coordinate system, Explain the Coordinate System? Java uses...

Explain the Coordinate System? Java uses the standard, two-dimensional, computer graphics coordinate system. The first visible pixel in the upper left-hand corner of the applet

Javascript validation, 1. Obtaining the new script: Download and save the...

1. Obtaining the new script: Download and save the attached comment CGI mailer script form-mail2.pl to your server's cgi-bin directory, and change the permissions on the script t

Garbage collection in java, The Java programming language is object-oriente...

The Java programming language is object-oriented and includes automatic garbage collection. Garbage collection is the process of reclaiming memory taken up by unreferenced objects.

What is a socket in java networking and rmi, A socket is one end-point of a...

A socket is one end-point of a two-way communication link among two programs running on the network. A socket is bound to a port number so that the TCP layer can recognize the appl

AdressBook, Write a program that uses one of the Map classes to implement a...

Write a program that uses one of the Map classes to implement a contact list. Contact information should include first name, last name, a phone number and an email address. The lis

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd