Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Message "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"., public class Concat...

public class ConcatDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { String animal1 = "quick brown fox"; String animal2 = "lazy dog"; String article = "the";

Explain the basic applet life cycle, Explain the Basic Applet Life Cycle ? ...

Explain the Basic Applet Life Cycle ? 1. The browser reads the HTML page and seraches any tags. 2. The browser parses the tag to search the CODE and possibly CODEBASE att

Outbound submissions and tracking, Outbound Submissions and Tracking: ...

Outbound Submissions and Tracking: Project Overview: In the current ARISg environment, expedited reports are qualified and distributed electronically to contacts maintaine

How can we define a pixel, How can we define a Pixel? It is the smallest ...

How can we define a Pixel? It is the smallest number of element of image that is spread along with regular array on display and each constituent consist of particular color.

Describe general approaches to solve statelessness problem, Problem : (...

Problem : (a) One problem encountered when designing web applications is that HTTP is a "stateless" protocol. Describe two general approaches to solve the statelessness probl

How virtual communities are formed, How virtual communities are formed? How...

How virtual communities are formed? How these are different from other Communities? Give examples. Virtual Communities are interest-based communities. Members along with genera

What is the purpose of garbage collection in java, What is the purpose of g...

What is the purpose of garbage collection in Java, and when is it used? The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects that are no longer required by a pr

String, in java string is a

in java string is a

How the jms is different from rpc, In RPC the method invoker waits for the ...

In RPC the method invoker waits for the method to finish implementation and return the control back to the invoker. Therefore it is completely synchronous in nature. Whereas in JMS

Explain the polymorphism principle, Explain the Polymorphism principle. ...

Explain the Polymorphism principle. Polymorphism can be referred as one name many forms. It's the ability of methods to behave differently, relying upon the object who is calli

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd