Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

What is the difference between internet and intranet, What is the differenc...

What is the difference between Internet and Intranet ? Intranet and internet are 2 domains which are extremely a like but frequent segregated in order to manage security. Inter

Explain how java allows the constraints on a generic type, Consider the fol...

Consider the following C++ template class. #include using namespace std; template class SortedList { public: SortedList() {size = 0;} void insert(T item); friend ostrea

Define all the members of identified classes using java, A Mexican restaura...

A Mexican restaurant in London is struggling with preparing the meal ordered by it;s customer in time and has started loosing it;s business. The owner is looking at the possibility

Overview of struts?, Struts is a framework with set of co operating servlet...

Struts is a framework with set of co operating servlets, classes and JSP tags that create a reusable MVC 2 design.     1. Client (Browser) : A request from the cli

Relation between stack and heap, Relation between Stack and Heap Stack ...

Relation between Stack and Heap Stack and heap are two significant memory areas. Primitives are created on the stack whereas objects are created on heap. This will be further c

What is spring configuration file, Spring configuration file is an XML file...

Spring configuration file is an XML file. This file having the classes information and defines how these classes are configured and introduced to each other.

Android App Clone, Hello, My friend Roshan from India told me that you pro...

Hello, My friend Roshan from India told me that you provide a high quality programming service which is why I''m here. I would like you to make a clone of an android app the app

Program to brute force search, Ask questionWrite a program BruteForceSearch...

Ask questionWrite a program BruteForceSearch that uses the brute-force approach given above and compare its running time on your computer with that of Binary Search for largeW.txt

What is the difference between inner class and nested class, What is the di...

What is the difference between inner class and nested class? When a class is explained within a scope od another class, then it becomes inner class. If the access modifier o

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd