Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Event handler, search a file with specific extension

search a file with specific extension

Relate java with C/C++, Relate Java with C/C++ Very similar C/C++ synta...

Relate Java with C/C++ Very similar C/C++ syntax, operators, etc. Core language is simpler than C++ -- no pointers, no operator overloading, and no multiple inheritance.

Require assistance in java / grails support, require assistance in Java / G...

require assistance in Java / Grails support We have a project which requires continuous maintenance / support and occasional feature development. Its running on Java 1.7 / Grail

What is a framework, A framework is made up of the set of classes which per...

A framework is made up of the set of classes which permit us to use a library in a best possible way for a particular requirement.

Jsf framework compare with the struts framework, Struts framework ...

Struts framework                            J a v a Server Faces More matured since Struts has been started for a few years. It has got var

How would you interact between servlets and applets? , We may use the java...

We may use the java.net.URL and java.net.URLConnection classes to start a standard HTTP connection and "tunnel" to a Web server. The server then gives this information to the s

Write down html or javascript code to declare array, Write down HTML or Jav...

Write down HTML or JavaScript code for the following requirements: Declare an Array along with the identifier SUBJECT having length 5. Assign subsequent values to the array par

Multithreading, For this assignment we will be solving the producer-consume...

For this assignment we will be solving the producer-consumer problem with a bounded buffer. You are required to implement this assignment in Java. There are three components in thi

A new dynamic website, A NEW Dynamic Website I have the subsequent requi...

A NEW Dynamic Website I have the subsequent requirement which needs to be designed in 30 days (Max). 1) Construct a website which is a dynamic, means allow me to change conte

How many modules are there in spring, Spring comprises of seven modules. Th...

Spring comprises of seven modules. They are.. a) The core container b) Spring context c) Spring AOP d) Spring DAO e) Spring ORM f)  Spring Web module g)  Sprin

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd