Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

How jms is different from rpc, In RPC the method invoker waits for the meth...

In RPC the method invoker waits for the method to finish implementation and return the control back to the invoker. Therefore it is completely synchronous in nature. Whereas in JMS

Simple sudoku implementation, SudCell and Simple Sudoku Implementation ...

SudCell and Simple Sudoku Implementation We describe, fully, the SudCell class that will represent each of the 81 cells or boxes in a Sudoku puzzle.  Then we will

What is constructors and explain with an example, What is Constructors? Exp...

What is Constructors? Explain with an example? A constructor forms a new instance of the class. It initializes all the variables and does any work essential to prepare the clas

What does it mean that a method or field is static, What does it mean that ...

What does it mean that a method or field is "static"? Static variables and methods are instantiated only once per class. In other words they are class variables, not example va

Implementation of Kruskal’s Algorithm, • A Graph Data Type (including a dis...

• A Graph Data Type (including a display method to show adjacencies) • A Cycle Checker (as described in lecture notes) • An Edge class • A sorting algorithm to sort an array of Edg

What is numeric promotion, What is numeric promotion? Numeric promotion...

What is numeric promotion? Numeric promotion is the conversion of a smaller numeric type to a larger numeric type, so that integer and floating-point operations may take place.

Design a scheduler in java, Your task is to design a scheduler for the Sher...

Your task is to design a scheduler for the Sheridan Rail Corporation which keeps track of all daily scheduled trips for the railway.  Users can add new trips as well as perform sea

BLP java program, could you please help me with my assignment. My program ...

could you please help me with my assignment. My program need to implement a multi{level role based database script SQL-like generation program. Or part of one anyway. Start with a

What are the non-final functions in java object class?, The non-final funct...

The non-final functions are clone (), finalize (), toString (), equals () , hashCode () and. The other methods like wait (), getClass (), notifyAll (), notify () etc are final

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd