Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Write a program to add integer value, Write a program to add integer value?...

Write a program to add integer value? class AddInts { public static void main (String args[]) { int i = 1; int j = 2; System.out.println("i is " + i); System.out.println("

Javascript, You can declare a variable by the var statement such as: var...

You can declare a variable by the var statement such as: var strname = some value You can also declare a variable with simply assigning a value to the variable. Although, if

Explain parentheses in java, Explain Parentheses in Java ? Sometimes th...

Explain Parentheses in Java ? Sometimes the default sequence of evaluation isn't what you want. For example, the formula to change a Fahrenheit temperature to a Celsius tempera

Describe interfaces in java langauge, Describe Interfaces in java langauge?...

Describe Interfaces in java langauge? Interfaces are the further level of abstraction. An interface is like a class along with nothing but abstract methods and final, static fi

Develop an android app for me, Project Description: I need someone to pr...

Project Description: I need someone to prepare an android app for me and provide it to me asap. The app details to be provided on pm Skills required: Java, Android

What is an iterator, What is an Iterator? Some of the collection classe...

What is an Iterator? Some of the collection classes give traversal of their contents via a java.util.Iterator interface. This interface permits you to walk through a collection

Animal trim java, Create an application for an animal-fur trimming service....

Create an application for an animal-fur trimming service. The business is open 15 weeks of the year, from April through July. The fee for a small animal (under 6 pounds) is $100, a

Which is better to store data as attributes or as elements? , A question ri...

A question rising in the mind of XML/DTD designers is whether to model and encode retain information using an attribute, or alternatively, using an element. 1. Using  an  elemen

Point of Sale Terminal, The problem statement is pretty simple. We need a s...

The problem statement is pretty simple. We need a software implementation of a Point of Sale terminal at a typical store. The users of the system are the cashiers sitting at the sa

Write a program of else statement in java, Write a program of else statemen...

Write a program of else statement in java? The else statement in Java // This is the Hello program in Java class Hello { public static void main (String args[]) { if (

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd