Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Explain choosing font faces and sizes in java awt packages, Explain Choosin...

Explain Choosing Font Faces and Sizes in java AWT packages? Choosing a font face is simple. First you create a new Font object. Then you call g.setFont(Font f). To instantiate

How to passing parameters to applets, How to Passing Parameters to Applets ...

How to Passing Parameters to Applets ? Parameters are passed to applets in NAME=VALUE pairs in tags among the opening and closing APPLET tags. Inside the applet, you read th

Develop an ehospital project, Develop an ehospital project Project Descr...

Develop an ehospital project Project Description: I am preparing ehopsital project.for the requires of hospital in that patient registration and billing module and stores mod

Develop a color picker, Project Description: We need same kind of concep...

Project Description: We need same kind of concept with some changes # Change single colors in a particular design. you need to be able to change the color of only the fox or

Explain the execute phase of java program development, Explain the Execute ...

Explain the Execute phase of Java Program Development Finally in phase computer, under the control of its CPU, interprets program one bytecode at a time. Hence performing

Need cocos2d-x developer - puzzle game, cocos2d-x puzzle game for kids P...

cocos2d-x puzzle game for kids Project Description: I am seeking a skilled, reliable, and not very expensive cocos2d-x developer (with experience with iOS, Android, and prefe

What is linear search, What is linear search? It is the simplest form o...

What is linear search? It is the simplest form of search. It searches for the element sequentially starting from first element. This search has a drawback if element is located

How can you define a consistent web design, How can you define a consistent...

How can you define a consistent web design? Why is it needed? A consistent web design should be the one in which achieves the result in which it was designed for, which result

Describe remote objects?, Describe Remote Objects A Remote Object is o...

Describe Remote Objects A Remote Object is one whose functions can be called from another JVM. A remote object class must execute the Remote interface. A RMI Server is an appl

Program to read a keyboard value and exit from the code, Using the above t...

Using the above thread program, now create 20 threads in your program and run them. No need to wait for the keyboard in each thread, just print "Hello" and its thread id in each t

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd