Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

What is the role of hub in networks, What is the role of hub in networks? ...

What is the role of hub in networks? The network traffic controller - elements of convential computer networks. Hub is used to link the different computers within the network i

String concatenation and comparison, String concatenation and comparison ...

String concatenation and comparison public class StringTest { public static void main(String[] args) { int i = 4; int j = 5; System.out.println ("Hello" + i); // wi

Concurrent Programming, Problem 1 A savings account object holds a non-nega...

Problem 1 A savings account object holds a non-negative balance, and provides deposit(k ) and withdraw(k ) methods, where deposit(k ) adds k to the balance, and withdraw(k ) subtra

What can an applet do, What Can an Applet Do? An applet can: • Draw ...

What Can an Applet Do? An applet can: • Draw pictures on a web page • Create a new window and draw in it. • Play sounds. • Receive input from the user by the keyboard or

Object-based programming, JavaScript is an extremely powerful object-based ...

JavaScript is an extremely powerful object-based (or prototype-based) language. It is not a full-blown OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) language, like Java, however it is an objec

Password Generator Software, In this exercise, I want you to generate passw...

In this exercise, I want you to generate password based on random number generator. Develop an application that keeps track of the URL, username and password. I have listed few st

Java developer with spring framework prerequisite, Java developer with spri...

Java developer with spring framework prerequisite from anywhere Let me know that you have proven experience in java with spring frame work. Send some sample data and provide inf

What do you mean by auto wiring, The Spring container is able to autowire r...

The Spring container is able to autowire relationships among collaborating beans. This means that it is possible to automatically let Spring resolve collaborators (other beans) for

Write program for queue of cards, A Queue of Cards You are going to par...

A Queue of Cards You are going to parallel the development done in the lesson on inheritance where we constructed some base classes, StackNode and Stack, and derived  Floa

Arraya, what is arrays and how do they operate

what is arrays and how do they operate

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd