Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Events calendar for existing website, Looking for: responsible, trustworthy...

Looking for: responsible, trustworthy, accountable, and knowledgeable CakePHP developer and web designer with great communication skills. I'm seeking great partnership and if th

Palindrome, palindrome is starting that reads both the ends.using string co...

palindrome is starting that reads both the ends.using string covert into character

About object, How memory allocated for a object

How memory allocated for a object

Minimumself, At a shop of marbles, packs of marbles are prepared. Packets a...

At a shop of marbles, packs of marbles are prepared. Packets are named A, B, C, D, E …….. All packets are kept in a VERTICAL SHELF in random order. Any numbers of packets with thes

2d world of ants and doodlebugs, We have to create a world class that conta...

We have to create a world class that contains a 2d array then create an abstract class called organism that contains move() method the organism should move randomly one step at the

What is bean factory, A BeanFactory is like a factory class that having a c...

A BeanFactory is like a factory class that having a collection of beans. The BeanFactory holds Bean Definitions of multiple beans within itself and then instantiates the bean whene

What does it mean that a method or field is static, What does it mean that ...

What does it mean that a method or field is "static"? Static variables and methods are instantiated only once per class. In other words they are class variables, not example va

Describe what is meant by a constructor in java, Question: (a) Describe...

Question: (a) Describe what is meant by a ‘constructor' in Java. Use a simple example to illustrate your answer. (b) Differentiate between a class method and an instance me

Luminous jewels, Luminous Jewels - The Polishing Game Byteland county is v...

Luminous Jewels - The Polishing Game Byteland county is very famous for luminous jewels. Luminous jewels are used in making beautiful necklaces. A necklace consists of various lum

Prepare a computer graded test, Please check out the given instruction that...

Please check out the given instruction that I received to do the assessment. I can provide you that link to go on and submit the answers. To assess your coding skills, we would

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd