Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

How many bits are used to show unicode and ascii, How many bits are used to...

How many bits are used to show Unicode, ASCII, UTF-16, and UTF-8 characters? Unicode requires 16 bits and ASCII require 7 bits although the ASCII character set uses only 7 bits

Describe general approaches to solve statelessness problem, Problem : (...

Problem : (a) One problem encountered when designing web applications is that HTTP is a "stateless" protocol. Describe two general approaches to solve the statelessness probl

How can you define a consistent web design, How can you define a consistent...

How can you define a consistent web design? Why is it needed? A consistent web design should be the one in which achieves the result in which it was designed for, which result

Explain rmi, RMI is a set of APIs that permits to build distributed applica...

RMI is a set of APIs that permits to build distributed applications. RMI uses interfaces to describe remote objects to turn local method invocations into remote method invocations.

Overview of struts?, Struts is a framework with set of co operating servlet...

Struts is a framework with set of co operating servlets, classes and JSP tags that create a reusable MVC 2 design.     1. Client (Browser) : A request from the cli

Display array elements by using for-each loop, Need assignment help , on th...

Need assignment help , on the topic “Demonstrate a console-program” Demonstrate a console-program to create an array of integers and Initialize the array and assign the values i

Computer application and program, Computer application and program. Proj...

Computer application and program. Project Description: I require a project done. It is a computer desktop application program. It is not very hard. Skills required: Any

#, Consider the following code? What input is needed for x in order for the...

Consider the following code? What input is needed for x in order for the sum variable that is output at the end of the code to be 12 ? (In other words: what do I need to make X be

What is render kit in jsf, Component classes generally move the task of gen...

Component classes generally move the task of generating output to the renderer. All JSF components follow it. Render kit is a set of related renderers. javax.faces.render.RenderKit

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd