Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Cadence design systems, Cadence Design Systems:   Role Working ...

Cadence Design Systems:   Role Working on tickets including debugging of unix based applications Installations of unix based tools/utlity Installation

How polylines draws in java language, How Polylines draws in java language?...

How Polylines draws in java language? Java automatically closes the polygons it draws. That is it draws polygons which look like the one on the right rather than the one on the

File and random access file classes, Difference between the File and Random...

Difference between the File and Random Access File classes? Ans) The File class encapsulates the files and directories of the local file system. The Random Access File class giv

Student Grades Program, The program: 2 classes one called Student, one ca...

The program: 2 classes one called Student, one called Grades Functional Requirements: Ask for how many students u need to enter the program must: prompt the user to enter the

Method over ridding method in java, Q. Write short on the method over riddi...

Q. Write short on the method over ridding method in java? Ans. Method over ridding and dynamic binding: We have seen that a method in a super class is inherited by its subclass

Help !!, I''ve been trying to get this java program to work but im lost and...

I''ve been trying to get this java program to work but im lost and Im stuck ! The factorial of a positive integer N, denoted by N! N!=1*2*...*N Using subprograms and f unctions,c

Control graphical user interface elements, Introduction In this assign...

Introduction In this assignment you will use Processing to create some geometric objects and graphical user interface (GUI) elements that Processing itself lacks. Processing h

Java Project, How to start a java project? how to draw a flow chart?

How to start a java project? how to draw a flow chart?

Windows registry, need a java program that can read and display the values ...

need a java program that can read and display the values from a windows registry

Prepare a computer graded test, Please check out the given instruction that...

Please check out the given instruction that I received to do the assessment. I can provide you that link to go on and submit the answers. To assess your coding skills, we would

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd