Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Why uploading a web page is important, Why uploading a web page is importan...

Why uploading a web page is important? Describe in 2 - 3 lines? Through only uploading webpage we could place our data so that another can reach up to what we have loaded. Uplo

Elaborate with examples vector or object oriented graphics, Elaborate with ...

Elaborate with examples Vector or Object oriented graphics? Vector or Object-Oriented Graphics treats everything which is drawn as an object. Objects retain their identity afte

List the keywords which are used in java 1.1, List the keywords which are u...

List the keywords which are used in java 1.1? The list of keywords which are used in java 1.1 are given below: Keyword Purpose boole

Overloaded Methods, QUESTION 3: Overloaded methods Write the overloaded me...

QUESTION 3: Overloaded methods Write the overloaded method named average () for each of the following problems: a) The first method receives THREE (3) integer values and returns

What is scope of variable in java, What is Scope of Variable ? Space in...

What is Scope of Variable ? Space in that a variable is effective is called as the scope of a variable. In other words we can say area where that variable is available for the

Threads, programming challenges

programming challenges

Api consumer, API consumer -This application should consume a third pa...

API consumer -This application should consume a third party API -You should use more than just one method of the API, I'd like to see at least 3 or 4 -Have some concept

What is the use of wrapper class, What is the use of Wrapper class You...

What is the use of Wrapper class You can create an object of Wrapper class using a String or a primitive data type Integer num = new Integer (4); or Integer num = n

Difference between java mail and jms queue, JMS is the ideal high-performan...

JMS is the ideal high-performance messaging stage for intra business messaging, with full programmatic control over quality of service and delivery options. JavaMail gives lowes

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd