Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Give an example of code using static and finalize, Give an example of code ...

Give an example of code using static and finalize Example Code: using static & finalize () We want to count exact number of objects in memory of a Student class the one de

Describe the edit phase- java program development, Describe the Edit phase-...

Describe the Edit phase- Java Program Development Phase comprises editing a file. This is done with an editor program. Programmer types a java program using editor such as no

Difference between stringbuffer and string class, Define the difference be...

Define the difference between StringBuffer and String class?

Develop a shopping carts application , To develop a shopping carts applicat...

To develop a shopping carts application for an online store of your choice Outcomes: 1. Apply the GUI components of Java and other tools to create user-friendly interfaces.

Program using ide application, Instructions: Please make sure your solu...

Instructions: Please make sure your solutions are original, in your own words, expressing your own ideas. Any copying from others' home-works, text books or online sources will

How can you define a consistent web design, How can you define a consistent...

How can you define a consistent web design? Why is it needed? A consistent excellent designed website is generated for common public which permits users to attain what they nee

Need java netbeans platform developer, Project Description: I want a lot...

Project Description: I want a lot of developers to develop modules The basic purpose of this project is to prepare a standard ERP Software Company will be divided into module

What is a java package and how is it used, A Java package is a naming conte...

A Java package is a naming context for classes and interfaces. A package is used to make a separate name space for groups of classes and interfaces. Packages are also used to arran

Difference between while statement and a do while statement, What is the di...

What is the difference between a while statement and a do while statement? A while statement checks at the starting of a loop to see whether the next loop iteration should occu

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd