Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Development of an android app urgent, Development of an Android app urgent ...

Development of an Android app urgent Project Description: I am searching for some good android developer who has depth in knowledge of making an app. I am focusing on a certa

Help !!, I''ve been trying to get this java program to work but im lost and...

I''ve been trying to get this java program to work but im lost and Im stuck ! The factorial of a positive integer N, denoted by N! N!=1*2*...*N Using subprograms and f unctions,c

Spring application support, JAVA, JSF(primefaces), SPRING Application Suppo...

JAVA, JSF(primefaces), SPRING Application Support Project Description: We require some one to be part of our team's new development , it's small application but in future, ch

Data Structures Projects, I have three data structures projects that I need...

I have three data structures projects that I need help with.

What is the difference between jsp and jsf, JSP simply gives a Page which m...

JSP simply gives a Page which may contain markup, embedded Java code, and tags which encapsulate more complicated logic / html. JSF may use JSP as its template, but gives much more

Describe j2ee?, J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition) is an environment for depl...

J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition) is an environment for deploying and developing enterprise applications on various operating system. The J2EE platform consists of J2EE components,

Modify user profile class, Modify your UserProfile class to meet the follow...

Modify your UserProfile class to meet the following requirements: It must include a field called wall to store an ArrayList of wall posting objects. It must also provide

Illustrate java management extensions (jmx)?, JMX framework can enhance the...

JMX framework can enhance the manageability of your application by  1. Monitoring your application for critical events, performance problems, and error condition statistics. E.g

Write a recursive function, 1) Write a function that uses recursion that co...

1) Write a function that uses recursion that converts a decimal number to octal (base 8). The function should accept a single integer and return a String containing the base 8 equi

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd