Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

What do you mean by java virtual machine?, Question 1 What do you mean by ...

Question 1 What do you mean by Java Virtual Machine? Question 2 Write a simple Java program to display a string message and explain the steps of Compilation and execution in Jav

Java application - gui and backend projects, JNLP/ Java Application - GUI a...

JNLP/ Java Application - GUI and Backend Projects Project Description: I am looking for assist in making changes to a complex java application. System launches from web pa

Implement queues - linked list, Implement Queues / Linked List Project D...

Implement Queues / Linked List Project Description: In this project, two kinds of queue are implemented: LinkedQueue implements FIFOQueueInterface { .... } and LLQueueItr imp

Banking database system - java database connectivity, JDBC Assignment B...

JDBC Assignment Banking Database System:  BankCustomer CUST_ID  CUST_NAME ADDRESS ACC_TYPE CUST_ID

Explain multi dimentional arrays in java, Explain multi dimentional arrays ...

Explain multi dimentional arrays in java? So far all these arrays have been one-dimensional. That is, a single number could locate any value in the array. Therefore sometimes d

Differentiate uni-processor os from multi-processor os, Differentiate uni-P...

Differentiate uni-Processor OS from Multi-Processor OS? Uni-processor OS : Uni-processor OS'es is designed to schedule tasks on a single uPs just whereas Multiprocessor O

Oop, creating a point of sale

creating a point of sale

Explain rmi, RMI is a set of APIs that permits to build distributed applica...

RMI is a set of APIs that permits to build distributed applications. RMI uses interfaces to describe remote objects to turn local method invocations into remote method invocations.

Explain subclasses and polymorphism, Explain Subclasses and Polymorphism ? ...

Explain Subclasses and Polymorphism ? Car and Motorcycle are subclasses of MotorVehicle. If you instantiate a Car or a Motorcycle along with new, you can use in which object a

Explain the rules for tostring() methods, Explain the Rules for toString() ...

Explain the Rules for toString() Methods ? toString() methods should return a single line of text that does not contain any carriage returns or linefeeds. toString() methods

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd