Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Online doctor, can you explain me the er diagram for the online doctor syst...

can you explain me the er diagram for the online doctor system

What is an xml namespace?, Question 1 What is Response Redirection? Explai...

Question 1 What is Response Redirection? Explain in brief Question 2 What is JDBC? Explain Question 3 Write a short note on Expressions Question 4 What is an XML na

Url instance and url connection instance, Difference between URL instance a...

Difference between URL instance and URL Connection instance? Ans) A URL instance shows the location of a resource, and a URL Connection instance shows a link for accessing or co

Websphere - weblogic, WebSphere - Weblogic and Apache: Building/Ins...

WebSphere - Weblogic and Apache: Building/Installation  and maintenance of Solaris and Linux machines. Exposure to Sun Hardware : Sunfire v880,v890.V440,X4600

Student, short Java application that stores words in an Array or ArrayList....

short Java application that stores words in an Array or ArrayList.

Design patterns which are used in struts , Struts is depend on m...

Struts is depend on model 2 MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture. Struts controller uses the command design pattern and the action classes use the adapter design pattern. The p

Listening for roster and presence changes, The typical use of the roster cl...

The typical use of the roster class is to display a tree view of groups and entries along with the current presence value of each entry. As an example, see the image showing a Rost

??????????, Ask question ##title.. ????? ?????#title.. ????? ?????#title....

Ask question ##title.. ????? ?????#title.. ????? ?????#title.. ????? ?????Minimum 100 words accepted#

I need gpa calculating application, I need GPA calculating application P...

I need GPA calculating application Project Description: My project is one of the GPA calculating application, Colleges have 37 courses or departments, engineering results alw

Inheritance, Inheritance - is the inclusion of state and behavior of a ba...

Inheritance - is the inclusion of state and behavior of a base class in a derived class so that they are accessible in that derived class. The key benefit of Inheritance is that

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd