Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

How to returning multiple values from methods, How to Returning Multiple Va...

How to Returning Multiple Values From Methods ? It is not probable to return more than one value from techniques. You cannot, for example, return the licensePlate, speed and m

Need cocos2d-x developer - puzzle game, cocos2d-x puzzle game for kids P...

cocos2d-x puzzle game for kids Project Description: I am seeking a skilled, reliable, and not very expensive cocos2d-x developer (with experience with iOS, Android, and prefe

Forward action and include action, What is the difference among ForwardActi...

What is the difference among ForwardAction and IncludeAction? Ans) The difference is that you require to use the IncludeAction only if the action is going to be contained by ano

Create plug-in for adobe after effects, Project Description: We are seek...

Project Description: We are seeking software engineers to create a plug-in for Adobe after Effects (CS4 and above) that allows 3D extrusions for a layer. We are seeking somethin

Legal responsibility of nurses, As registered nurses, we often wonder "am I...

As registered nurses, we often wonder "am I responsible for the L.P.N's and the C.N.A. assigned on my floor.  Will I be blamed if someone makes an error or if someone gets hurt?  N

String, in java string is a

in java string is a

Describe synchronization in respect to multithreading, Describe synchroniza...

Describe synchronization in respect to multithreading. With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to shared res

Binary search tree, You will be required to create an ADT for a Binary Sear...

You will be required to create an ADT for a Binary Search Tree (BSTInterface.java). The interface will be implemented as a Binary Search Tree (BST) using a reference based format.

Give a example of using tostring() methods, Give a example of Using toStrin...

Give a example of Using toString() Methods ? Below is a version of CarTest in which uses toString() and System.out.println() instead of printing the fields in a straight line

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd