Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Encapsulation, Defines to keeping all the related members together in an ob...

Defines to keeping all the related members together in an object. Specifying member variables as private may hide the methods and variables. Objects should hide their inner working

Convert string to super ascii, A string S is said to be "Super ASCII", if i...

A string S is said to be "Super ASCII", if it contains the character frequency equal to their ascii values. String will contain only lower case alphabets (''''a''''-''''z'''') and

Difference b/w deep cloning and shallow cloning of object, The default natu...

The default nature of an object's clone() function automatically provides a shallow copy. So to need a deep copy the classes have to be edited or adjusted.   Shallow co

Demonstrate java client and server , There is no separate homework this wee...

There is no separate homework this week, but you may complete the exercises ahead of time, in which case you only need to attend for long enough to get your work marked off by your

A talent agency program , class Writer extends Client {    // additional m...

class Writer extends Client {    // additional members    private boolean technical = false;    private boolean government = false;    private boolean international = false;    pri

Relate java with C/C++, Relate Java with C/C++ Very similar C/C++ synta...

Relate Java with C/C++ Very similar C/C++ syntax, operators, etc. Core language is simpler than C++ -- no pointers, no operator overloading, and no multiple inheritance.

What do you mean through ftp or file transfer protocol, What do you mean th...

What do you mean through FTP or File Transfer Protocol? FTP: File transfer protocol was first introduced in the year of 1973; it standardized the transfer of files among comp

Write a program on clearing rectangles, Write a program on clearing Rectang...

Write a program on clearing Rectangles ? It is also potential to clear a rectangle that you've drawn. The syntax is exactly what you'd expect: public abstract void clearRect

Project on image processing, Project Description: Computer vision and Im...

Project Description: Computer vision and Image processing project to extract book title Skills required: Java, C Programming

Spring application support, JAVA, JSF(primefaces), SPRING Application Suppo...

JAVA, JSF(primefaces), SPRING Application Support Project Description: We require some one to be part of our team's new development , it's small application but in future, ch

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd