Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Android and universal ios- multipurpose testing app, Android and Universal ...

Android and Universal iOS, Multipurpose Testing App Universal iOS and Android, versatile Testing App Based on Phonegap with the subsequent main features * Support single answ

Socket programming in Java: TCP, Objectives: socket programming in Java: TC...

Objectives: socket programming in Java: TCP Exercises: Goal: In this project we will develop a Web server in two steps. In the end, you will have built a multi-threaded Web ser

Java pass arguments by value or reference, Does Java pass arguments by valu...

Does Java pass arguments by value or reference? Ans) Pass by value. 1. When passing primitives, it going a copy of the variable to the method. Any change made in the method d

What are checked and unchecked exception, What are Checked and UnChecked Ex...

What are Checked and UnChecked Exception? A checked exception is some subclass of Exception (or Exception itself), excluding class RuntimeException and its subclasses. Making a

Integration of neo4j and opengeo, Integration: Neo4J, OpenGeo, Ikanow Pr...

Integration: Neo4J, OpenGeo, Ikanow Project Description: I have an ongoing project to loosely integrate a variety of existing Open Source products: OpenGeo (geospatial server

Create a wall posting class, Your FaceBooklet application will use the clas...

Your FaceBooklet application will use the classes you wrote for Program 3. Start by creating a copy of your Program 3 project with a new name (say, "Program4"). Note that you ca

Advanced java info1414, This is a working program that shows election resul...

This is a working program that shows election results from the infamous 2000 presidential election involving a lot of Floridians and 'hanging chads'. The program as written reads a

What is preferred organizational structure for organization, What is the pr...

What is the preferred organizational structure for the organization? The Network Organization is becoming the preferred organizational structure.

Program, write code employe managment

write code employe managment

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd