Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

How to convert string value to number in java, How to convert string value ...

How to convert string value to number in java? While processing user input it is frequent essential to convert a String in which the user enters into an int . The syntax is

Myfirstprogram in java, The purpose of this assignment is to help you learn...

The purpose of this assignment is to help you learn the Java environment and practice I/O instructions, assignment, and simple arithmetic operators. Teams: The assignment can

Program to calculate the value into hours and minutes, Specifically, you'll...

Specifically, you'll create a program that will hold minutes worked and assign a value. Calculate the value into hours and minutes. Display the result as shown in Figure 2. Reme

Questions pseudocodes, 1. Write the pseudocode to get the input of 10 integ...

1. Write the pseudocode to get the input of 10 integers from the user and add them up and output the total. (4 points) 2. Compute the output of following pseudocode. Assume that

Difference b/w redirecting a request and forwarding request, Both function...

Both functions send you to a new resource like JSP, Servlet etc.     Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE

How to integrate your struts application with spring, To integrate your Str...

To integrate your Struts application with Spring, we have two options: ? Configure Spring to manage your Actions as beans, using the ContextLoaderPlugin, and set their dependenc

Explain data security management issue, Explain DATA SECURITY Management is...

Explain DATA SECURITY Management issue? All data in the system is extremely critical to its operation, the security of the customer's personal data is most important. Most of t

String concatenation and comparison, String concatenation and comparison ...

String concatenation and comparison public class StringTest { public static void main(String[] args) { int i = 4; int j = 5; System.out.println ("Hello" + i); // wi

Why the number of temporary workers is on the rise, Why the number of tempo...

Why the number of temporary workers is on the rise? Discuss main reasons? Temporary workers: Temporary workers are those workers that a company can hire to perform a certain ta

Explain the uses of JVM verifier, Explain the uses of JVM verifier The ...

Explain the uses of JVM verifier The JVM "verifier" checks the code when it's loaded to verify that it has the correct structure --that it does not use an uninitialized pointer

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd