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Missing values: The observations missing from the set of data for some of the reason. In longitudinal studies, for instance, they might occur because subjects drop out of the study completely or do not appear for one or other of scheduled visits or because of the equipment failure. The common causes of subjects prematurely ceasing to participate include the recovery, lack of improvement, the unwanted signs or symptoms that might be related to the investigational treatment, unlikeable study procedures and the intercurrent health problems. Such values greatly complicate number of methods of analysis and simply using those individuals for whom data are complete can be unsatisfactory in number of situations. A distinction can be made between the values missing completely at random (MCAR), missing at random (MAR) and the non-ignorable (or informative).
The MCAR variety arise when the individuals drop out of study in a process which is independent of the observed measurements and those that would have been available had they not been missing both; here the observed values effectively constitute the simple random sample of the values for all study subjects. Random drop-out (MAR) happens when the dropout process depends on the outcomes which have been observed in the past, but given this information is conditionally independent of all future (which is unrecorded) values of the outcome variable following the drop-out. At last, in the case of informative drop-out, the drop-out process depends upon the unobserved values of the result variable. It is the latter which cause most the problems for the analysis of data comprising missing values.
Percentile : The set or group of divisions which produce exactly 100 equal parts in the series of continuous values, like blood pressure, height, weight, etc. Hence a person with b
The division of a sample of observations into several classes, together with the number of observations in each of them. It acts as a useful summary of the main features of the da
Assume that a population is normally distributed with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Would it be unusual for the mean of a sample of 20 to be 115 or more?
Computer-intensive methods : The statistical methods which require almost identical computations on the data repeated number of times. The term computer intensive is, certainly, a
Length-biased sampling : The bias which arises in the sampling scheme based on the visits of patient, when some individuals are more likely to be chosen than others simply because
The Null Hypothesis - H0: γ 1 = γ 2 = ... = 0 i.e. there is no heteroscedasticity in the model The Alternative Hypothesis - H1: at least one of the γ i 's are not equal
what is goal post mentality?
The number of passengers arriving at an airport terminal average 1200 each hour. To process passengers (check in, take luggage, etc) take an average of 6 minutes each. There are
This term sometimes used to describe the extra factor in variance of the sample mean when n sample values are drawn without the replacement from the finite population of size N. Th
The Null Hypothesis - H0: There is no heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1 = 0 The Alternative Hypothesis - H1: There is heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1 0 Reject H0 if Q = ESS/2 >
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