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Longitudinal data: The data arising when each of the number of subjects or patients give rise to the vector of measurements representing same variable observed at the number of different time instants.
This type of data combines elements of the multivariate data and time series data. They differ from the previous, however, in that only a single variable is involved, and from the latter in consisting of a large number of short series, one from the each subject, rather than single long series. This kind of data can be collected either prospectively, following subjects forward in time, or the retrospectively, by extracting measurements on each person from historical records. This kind of data is also often called as repeated measures data, specifically in the social and behavioural sciences, though in these disciplines such data are more likely to occur from observing individuals repeatedly under different experimental conditions rather than from a simple time sequence. Special statistical techniques are often required for the analysis of this type of data because the set of measurements on one subject tend to be intercorrelated. This correlation should be taken into account to draw the valid scientific inferences. The design of most of the studies specifies that all the subjects are to have the same number of the repeated measurements made at the equivalent time intervals. Such data is usually referred to as the balanced longitudinal data. But though the balanced data is generally the target, unbalanced longitudinal data in which subjects might have different numbers of repeated measurements made at the differing time intervals, do arise for the variety of reasons. Sometimes the data are unbalanced or incomplete by the design; an investigator might, for instance, choose in advance to take the measurements every hour on one half of the subjects and every two hours on other half.
In general, though, the major reason for the unbalanced data in a longitudinal study is occurrence of missing values in the sense that the intended measurements are not taken, are lost or are otherwise not available.
This is extension of the EM algorithm which typically converges more slowly than EM in terms of the iterations but can be much faster in the whole computer time. The general idea o
Q1: The growth in bad debt expense for Aptara Pvt. Ltd. Company over the last 20 years is as follows. 1997 0.11 1998 0.09 1999 0.08 2000 0.08 2001 0.1 2002 0.11 2003 0.12 2004 0.1
Multimodal distribution is the probability distribution or frequency distribution with number of modes. Multimodality is frequently taken as an indication which the observed di
PRINCIPLES OF MODELLING IN OR.
Quasi-experiment is a term taken in use for studies which resemble experiments but are weak on some of the characteristics, particularly that allocation of the subjects to groups
Cluster sampling : A method or technique of sampling in which the members of the population are arranged in groups (called as 'clusters'). A number of clusters are selected at the
Ask questioThe finance manager of ‘Softy’ baby soap manufacturing company being successful in the first two years of the company’s operations is considering setting up another plan
Surveys which use lists related with the vital statistics to sample individuals for the further information. For instance, the 1988 National Mortality Follow back Survey sampled de
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Missing Data - Reasons for screening data In case of any missing data, the researcher needs to conduct tests to ascertain that the pattern of these missing cases is random.
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